English
īkrantāḥ, bgrang ba las 'das pa'i, beyond counting. Other names of numbers from the chapter on numbers in the Avataṃsaka Sūtra: tera bum, khrak khrig, dkrigs, gtams, yid yal, mchog yas, ban bun, phyar phyur, etc., and the numbers from the Arrangement of Trees, and from the Extensive Play Sutra, a hundred kotis is a tera bum, a hundred tera bums is a khrak khrig, etc. The terms for the names of numbers should be learned from the Distinguishing Sounds. ༈. Furthermore, the numbers calculated by increasing from small dust particles are: baramāṇu (Sanskrit, baramāṇu, extremely small dust, extremely small dust), aṇu (Sanskrit, aṇu, dust particle, dust particle), loharaja (Sanskrit, loharaja, iron dust, iron dust), agraja (Sanskrit, agraja, water dust, water dust), śaśaraja (Sanskrit, śaśaraja, rabbit dust, rabbit dust), aviraja (Sanskrit, aviraja, sheep dust, sheep dust), goraja (Sanskrit, goraja, cow dust, cow dust), bātāyanacchidraraja (Sanskrit, bātāyanacchidraraja, sunlight dust, sunlight dust), likṣā, lice egg, yūkaḥ śig (Sanskrit, yūka, louse, louse), yavaḥ nas (Sanskrit, yava, barley, barley), uṅgaliparbaḥ sor (Sanskrit, uṅgaliparba, phalanx, finger). caturviṃśatiguṇaḥ, which means multiplying it by twenty-four, which is: hastaḥ lag pa zhes khru gang (Sanskrit, hasta, hand, one cubit), dhanuḥ gzhu ste 'dom (Sanskrit, dhanu, bow, one fathom), pañcaśatāni de lnga brgyar (Sanskrit, pañcaśatāni, five hundred, five hundred), krośaḥ rgyang grags (Sanskrit, krośa, one krosha, one krosha), de brgyad la (eight), yojanaṃ dpag tshad (Sanskrit, yojana, one yojana, one yojana). Similarly, the comparison of the strength of ten ordinary elephants with the strength of a fragrant elephant, etc., various terms mentioned in the sutras can be found in the Distinguishing Identification. From the Immortal Treasury: kiṣkuḥ lag tshad de khru (Sanskrit, kiṣku, hand measure, i.e., cubit), de bzhi brgya la nalba ste 'ching byed zer (four hundred, called "nalba," i.e., binding), dhanuḥ gong bzhin gzhu 'dom (Sanskrit, dhanu, as above, bow, one fathom), de steng la krośa ste rgyang grags (above that is krosha, i.e., krosha), de gnyis la ga byū tiḥ ste ba lang bgrod ces bya ste des na nalba dang ga byū ti gnyis bgrod lam gyi tshad kho na brjod par gsungs (two, called "gavyūti," i.e., ox-walk, therefore, "nalba" and "gavyūti" are considered to be the measure of the road). The king's road of ten bow-fathoms is called the bell road or assembly road. ༈. Now, regarding measurement, there are three ways: weighing with scales, etc., measuring with bushels, etc., and measuring with fingers, etc. The names of the measurements will be explained below. ubdānaṃ ste 'degs tshad la (Sanskrit, ubdāna, i.e., weighing), kuñjaḥ ma ru ste ming gzhan nag 'dzin dang srang gi sa bon kyang zer ba (Sanskrit, kuñja, i.e., maru, also called black holder and seed of the scale), mda' rgyus kyi 'bras bu dmar ru mgo nag de lnga la māṣakaḥ sran khre'u'i tshad ces bya (five red-headed black arrow-shaft fruits are called "māṣaka," i.e., the amount of beans), sran tshad bcu drug la akṣa dang karṣaḥ zhes zho tshad (sixteen bean measures are called "akṣa" and "karṣa," i.e., the amount of su), de bzhi la palaṃ ste srang (four of them are "pala," i.e., one tael), suvarṇaḥ zhes gser te gser zho gang (Sanskrit, suvarṇa, i.e., gold, i.e., one su of gold), bistaḥ 'bul zho gang yang zer te de'i tshad kyi ming ngo (Sanskrit, bista, also called offering su, is the name of its measure). gser pa la zhes don du gser srang gang gi ming de la ku ru bistaḥ ste sgra ngan 'b
Chinese
何谓“吾尔肖”？一百个“巴拉”称为“都拉”，是为衡量重量的单位。二十个“都拉”称为“巴热”，是为衡量负载的单位。十个“巴热”称为“阿孜达”，意为“总集”。不仅如此，对于能负载两万“夏达卡”重量的物体，也如此称呼。“巴纳”是钱币的名称。“克里希纳”（梵文天城体：कृष्ण，梵文罗马拟音：kṛṣṇa，汉语字面意思：黑天）和“阿巴纳”也是它的名称。五个铜质等的“克里希纳”是“玛萨”。两个银质的“克里希纳”是“玛夏卡”。因此，十六个银“玛萨”的重量是银“喀尔夏”，这是重量的名称。用银“喀尔夏”制成的钱币被称为“喀尔夏巴纳”（梵文天城体：कार्षापण，梵文罗马拟音：kārṣāpaṇa，汉语字面意思：喀尔夏巴纳）。金银等钱币的名称，被称为“喀尔夏巴纳”和“喀尔夏巴纳”，虽然发音略有不同，但意义相同，指的是银“肖”或金“肖”的钱币。“肖”是指如上所述的“肖”的重量。需要了解的是，这与现在西藏使用的汉式秤的“肖”的重量不同。据说这种金币是在印度孔雀王朝时期制造的，这在《律藏》中有记载。我按照上述方法测量了它的重量，发现大约相当于现在汉式中等秤的二“肖”六“星”。大秤则相当于二“肖”二“星”或二“肖”整。总之，它是一种与八十个“黑头达如”重量相等的金币，因此不会有错。五个“达如”和十二粒大麦的重量相等，大约相当于汉式秤的四“星”。这种重量的黄金钱币被称为“喀尔夏巴纳”，意思是“喀尔夏”的重量和“巴纳”钱币的名称。理解了这一点，就能轻易明白《律藏》中所说的，偷盗四分之一的“喀尔夏巴纳”就会犯不与取罪。因此，如果将“喀尔夏巴纳”理解为海贝，就会引起很多不必要的争论。它的价值是，拉雅穆库塔在撰写《词月释》时说，两个银“玛如”相当于十个“甘达卡”的价值，三十二个“玛如”相当于一个银“喀尔夏”，也就是银“肖”。价值八十个海贝的被称为“玛夏卡”和“卡帕尔达卡巴纳”（梵文天城体：कपरर्द्दकपण，梵文罗马拟音：kaparddakapaṇa，汉语字面意思：卡帕尔达卡巴纳），它与一个铜币的价值相等。十六个这样的价值被称为银“喀尔夏巴纳”。“巴纳”单独指铜“唐卡”，据说铜币也被单独命名为“巴纳”。用于测量“布热”等。
English
What is called 'Ul Sho'? One hundred 'Palas' are called 'Tula', which is a unit of weight. Twenty 'Tulas' are called 'Bhara', which is a unit of load. Ten 'Bharas' are called 'Achita', meaning 'total collection'. Moreover, something that can bear the weight of twenty thousand 'Shatakas' is also called that. 'Pana' is the name of a coin. 'Krishna' (Sanskrit Devanagari: कृष्ण, Sanskrit Romanization: kṛṣṇa, Chinese literal meaning: Krishna) and 'Apana' are also its names. Five copper 'Krishnas' are a 'Masa'. Two silver 'Krishnas' are a 'Mashaka'. Therefore, the weight of sixteen silver 'Masas' is a silver 'Karsha', which is the name of a weight. The coin made from a silver 'Karsha' is called 'Karshapana' (Sanskrit Devanagari: कार्षापण, Sanskrit Romanization: kārṣāpaṇa, Chinese literal meaning: Karshapana). The name of coins made of gold, silver, etc., is called 'Karshapana' and 'Karshapana', although the pronunciation is slightly different, the meaning is the same, referring to a silver 'Sho' or a gold 'Sho' coin. 'Sho' refers to the weight of 'Sho' as mentioned above. It should be understood that this is different from the weight of 'Sho' on the Han-style scale currently used in Tibet. It is said that this kind of gold coin was made during the Mauryan dynasty in India, which is recorded in the Vinaya. I measured its weight according to the method mentioned above and found that it is about equal to two 'Sho' and six 'Stars' on a medium-sized Han-style scale today. A large scale is equivalent to two 'Sho' and two 'Stars' or two 'Sho' exactly. In short, it is a gold coin equal to the weight of eighty 'Black-headed Darus', so there is no mistake. Five 'Darus' and twelve barley grains are equal in weight, which is about four 'Stars' on a Han-style scale. A gold coin of that weight is called 'Karshapana', which means the weight of 'Karsha' and the name of the 'Pana' coin. Understanding this, one can easily understand that stealing a quarter of a 'Karshapana' in the Vinaya will result in the offense of not giving. Therefore, if 'Karshapana' is understood as a cowrie shell, it will cause a lot of unnecessary arguments. Its value is that Raya Mukuta said when writing the commentary 'Word Moon', two silver 'Marus' are equivalent to the value of ten 'Gandakas', and thirty-two 'Marus' are equivalent to a silver 'Karsha', which is a silver 'Sho'. Something worth eighty cowrie shells is called 'Mashaka' and 'Kaparddakapana' (Sanskrit Devanagari: कपरर्द्दकपण, Sanskrit Romanization: kaparddakapaṇa, Chinese literal meaning: Kaparddakapana), which is equal in value to one copper coin. Sixteen of these values are called silver 'Karshapana'. 'Pana' alone refers to a copper 'Tangka', and it is said that copper coins are also individually named 'Pana'. Used to measure 'Bre', etc.