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including the constellations and so on. Ra kYa pa believes that in the outer mandala, a large circle is drawn with a circular shape, and its center is divided into nine directions. The root wisdom is placed on the central lotus, and the three realms are victorious through the mantra of the fire sun. Jetsun said: In the east is Om Shu Las (藏文，梵文天城体，梵文罗马拟音，汉语字面意思), the white sun god (pa wa sangs dkar po) sits on a clean cushion, adorned with all ornaments, holding tree fruits in his hand. In the south is Om Bri Las (藏文，梵文天城体，梵文罗马拟音，汉语字面意思), the white Jupiter (phur bu dkar po) is located on the moon, with his right hand holding a book and his left hand guiding words in the gesture of teaching the Dharma, wearing a yellow upper garment. In the west is Om Sva Las (藏文，梵文天城体，梵文罗马拟音，汉语字面意思), the white moon god (zla ba dkar po) holds an উৎপala flower and rides on a swan. In the north is Om Phu Las (藏文，梵文天城体，梵文罗马拟音，汉语字面意思), the yellow Mars (gzah lhag ser po) gives the supreme generosity mudra with his right hand and holds an উৎপala flower with his left hand, sitting on a clean cushion. In the wind direction is Om A Las (藏文，梵文天城体，梵文罗马拟音，汉语字面意思), the red sun god (nyi ma dmar po) rides on a horse, wearing armor, holding a lotus in his hand. The Lord of Power is Om Sva Las (藏文，梵文天城体，梵文罗马拟音，汉语字面意思), the black Saturn (spen pa mdog nag po) is without adornment, his hair is disheveled, he holds a staff, and sits on a clean cushion. In the northeast is Om Am Las (藏文，梵文天城体，梵文罗马拟音，汉语字面意思), the red fire god (mig dmar mdog dmar po) holds a vase filled with water in his right hand and a torch in his left hand, sitting on a clean cushion. In the Rakshasa direction is Om Ara Las (藏文，梵文天城体，梵文罗马拟音，汉语字面意思), Rahu (sgra gcan) is the color of smoke, his face is angry, gnashing his teeth, his yellow hair is raised upwards, his waist down is a snake, located in the clouds, these are the eight directions of the nine directions. On the thangka outside of that, there are seven constellations in each direction. In the east, the red Pleiades (smin drug) are located on a vase, Snar ma is green, riding on a white cow, Mgo is yellow, riding on a deer, Lag is red, riding on a snake, Nams so is red, sitting on a lotus, rGyal is green, sitting on a vase, sKag is green, riding on a crow. In the south, mChu is yellow, sitting on a flower, Bre is white, sitting on a lotus, dBo is green, sitting on a throne, Me bzhi is yellow, riding on an ox, Nag pa is green, riding on a peacock, Sa ri is red, riding on a she-wolf, Sa ga is green, riding on a white fox. In the west, Lha mtshams is yellow, riding on a crow, sNron is red, sitting on a clean cushion, sNrub is green, riding on a turtle, Chu stod is yellow, sitting on a clean cushion, Chu smad is green, sitting on a human heart, Byi bzhin is white, sitting on a clean cushion, Gro zhun is yellow, sitting on a bolt. In the north, Mon gru is red, sitting on a clean cushion,ོན་གྲེ་ riding a green horse, ཁྲུམས་སྟོད་ sitting on a green golden throne, ཁྲུམས་སྨད་ sitting on a yellow golden throne, ནམ་གྲུ་ red riding a horse, ཐ་སྐར་ green residing in the human heart, བྲ་ཉེ་ yellow residing on the wheel. At the four gates are four wrathful gatekeepers. The second part has two points: the duties of the teacher and the duties of guiding students in and bestowing empowerment. The first part has two points: drawing and invoking the deity, and entering and practicing. The first point is: starting from "Then explain these mandalas," and so on. The second point is: starting from "When the Vajra Holder enters," and so on. The second part is: starting from "Then guide the students," and so on. Entering the mandala, generating the samaya being, and the three mantras for throwing flowers are special. The third part is: saying "All the planets should be practiced," that is, practicing by attaching to the mantra of the main deity. The fourth part is: starting from "Then those great planets prostrated to the Bhagavan," and so on. The fourth part, the mandala of the eight great nagas, has three points: the string of mantras, bestowing empowerment on students in the sand mandala, including benefits, and learning the wisdom of accomplishment. The first point is: starting from "Then the sound of the eight great nagas' puṭa (藏文，梵文天城体：पुट，梵文罗马拟音：puṭa，汉语字面意思：puṭa)," and so on. In the center of the eight-petaled lotus, the mantra of the white Vajrapani holding a vajra and bell is पुण्य (藏文，梵文天城体：पुण्य，梵文罗马拟音：puṇya，汉语字面意思：merit), which is the explanation of Retsapa, while Jetsun considers it to be bluish-green. On the eight petals, in the east is ཨོཾ་ཕུ་ལས་མཐའ་ཡས་སྔོན་པོ (藏文，梵文天城体：，梵文罗马拟音：oṃ phu las mtha' yas sngon po，汉语字面意思：Om Phu Infinite Blue), in the south is ཨོཾ་ཕ་ལས་འཇོག་པོ་དམར་པོ (藏文，梵文天城体：，梵文罗马拟音：oṃ pha las 'jog po dmar po，汉语字面意思：Om Pha Abiding Red), in the west is ཨོཾ་ཕུཾ་ལས་སྟོབས་ཀྱི་རྒྱུ་ལྗང་ཁུ (藏文，梵文天城体：，梵文罗马拟音：oṃ phuṃ las stobs kyi rgyu ljang khu，汉语字面意思：Om Phum Source of Power Green), in the north is ཨོཾ་ཕ་ལས་རིགས་ལྡན་ཁྲ་བོ (藏文，梵文天城体：，梵文罗马拟音：oṃ pha las rigs ldan khra bo，汉语字面意思：Om Pha Possessing Lineage Variegated), in the southeast is ཨོཾ་ཕིཾ་ལས་ནོར་རྒྱས་དཀར་པོ (藏文，梵文天城体：，梵文罗马拟音：oṃ phiṃ las nor rgyas dkar po，汉语字面意思：Om Phim Increasing Wealth White), in the southwest is ཨོཾ་ཕཱཾ་ལས་དུང་སྐྱོང་སེར་པོ (藏文，梵文天城体：，梵文罗马拟音：oṃ phāṃ las dung skyong ser po，汉语字面意思：Om Pham Conch Protecting Yellow), in the northwest is ཨོཾ་ཕེཾ་ལས་པདྨ་དམར་པོ (藏文，梵文天城体：，梵文罗马拟音：oṃ pheṃ las padma dmar po，汉语字面意思：Om Phem Lotus Red), in the northeast is ཨོཾ་ཕཱོུ་ལས་ཆུ་ལྷ་དཀར་པོ (藏文，梵文天城体：，梵文罗马拟音：oṃ phūo las chu lha dkar po，汉语字面意思：Om Phuo Water God White). Seven snake heads surround the wife, entwining from the wife's neck. The wives have the same complexion as the husband, holding utpala flowers, three snake heads surround the husband and entwine him. The four gatekeepers are not described. The second part has two points: empowerment and benefits. The first part has two points: the duties of the teacher and guiding students in and bestowing empowerment. The first part has two points: drawing and invoking the deity, and entering and practicing.