English
Therefore, it is called dependent arising. Regarding the paths of the ten virtuous and ten non-virtuous actions, daśa-kuśala-karma-patha (梵文，天城体：दशकुशलकर्मपथ，罗马转写：daśa-kuśala-karma-patha，字面意思：十善业道) is the term for the ten non-virtuous actions. Action is mind, and mind is influenced and manifested by the three: covetousness, malice, and wrong view. Therefore, these three are called the paths of action. Killing and the like, the seven actions of body and speech, are also actions themselves. However, the basis for arousing and generating these actions is the mind. Because these depend on and abide in the mind, they are called the ten non-virtuous paths. The ten virtuous actions are the opposite of these, and therefore are explained in conjunction with the absence of covetousness and the abandonment of killing, and so on. Regarding the benefits of meritorious deeds, puṇya (梵文，天城体：पुण्य，罗马转写：puṇya，字面意思：功德) is called puṇya-karma (梵文，天城体：पुण्यकर्म，罗马转写：puṇya-karma，字面意思：功德业) which is śubha (梵文，天城体：शुभ，罗马转写：śubha，字面意思：吉祥), referring to virtuous actions. Alternatively, puṇati pāvitrī karoti (梵文，天城体：पुणति पवित्रि करोति，罗马转写：puṇati pāvitrī karoti，字面意思：净化，使洁净) refers to purifying sins and making them pure. In reality, it is the name of benefiting others, nourishing and carrying with merit, and therefore it is called merit. dāna-maya-puṇya-kriya-vastu (梵文，天城体：दानमयपुण्यक्रियावस्तु，罗马转写：dāna-maya-puṇya-kriya-vastu，字面意思：布施所生功德之物), where dāna (梵文，天城体：दान，罗马转写：dāna，字面意思：布施) refers to giving away wealth and possessions, and maya (梵文，天城体：मय，罗马转写：maya，字面意思：所成) refers to nature or something that arises from its cause. puṇya-maya-kriya-vastu (梵文，天城体：पुण्यमयक्रियावस्तु，罗马转写：puṇya-maya-kriya-vastu，字面意思：功德所生之物) refers to the essence of meritorious deeds, or the object, that is, the object of meritorious deeds arising from giving. śīla-maya-puṇya-kriya-vastu (梵文，天城体：शीलमयपुण्यक्रियावस्तु，罗马转写：śīla-maya-puṇya-kriya-vastu，字面意思：戒律所生功德之物), where śīla (梵文，天城体：शील，罗马转写：śīla，字面意思：戒律) refers to discipline, that is, guarding the five precepts and so on. The other endings of the words are explained similarly to the case of giving, referring to the object of meritorious deeds arising from discipline. bhāvanā-maya-puṇya-kriya-vastu (梵文，天城体：भावनमयपुण्यक्रियावस्तु，罗马转写：bhāvanā-maya-puṇya-kriya-vastu，字面意思：禅修所生功德之物), where bhāvanā (梵文，天城体：भावना，罗马转写：bhāvanā，字面意思：禅修) refers to meditation, that is, practicing the immeasurables such as loving-kindness and meditative concentration. The other endings of the words are the same as the previous two objects of meritorious deeds, referring to the object of meritorious deeds arising from meditation. guṇya (梵文，天城体：गुण्य，罗马转写：guṇya，字面意思：功德) is guṇyante ābhāsyante śreyorthibi (梵文，天城体：गुण्यन्ते आभास्यन्ते श्रेयोरथिबि，罗马转写：guṇyante ābhāsyante śreyorthibi，字面意思：渴望利益者所修习), referring to those who desire goodness and cultivate and practice. In reality, it is the name of qualities such as strength and fearlessness, and it is named as quality by emphasizing its meaning. The names of ascetics, Brahmins, and non-Buddhists are called śramaṇa (梵文，天城体：श्रमण，罗马转写：śramaṇa，字面意思：沙门), śrama cāri śramaṇa (梵文，天城体：श्रम चारि श्रमण，罗马转写：śrama cāri śramaṇa，字面意思：勤劳修行沙门), referring to pacifying sins.
Chinese
因为行为寂静且修习善法，所以称为“དགེ་སྦྱོང་（梵文：śramaṇa，梵文罗马拟音：śramaṇa，汉语字面意思：沙门）”。实际上，是对圣者出家人的称呼。之后，也用于其他出家人。བྷིཀྵུ་（梵文：bhikṣu，梵文罗马拟音：bhikṣu，汉语字面意思：比丘）是指男性དགེ་སློང་（梵文：bhikṣu，梵文罗马拟音：bhikṣu，汉语字面意思：比丘），因为通过祈求和寻求涅槃的意义，以及四种羯磨而受具足戒，并依随佛法乞食为生，所以称为དགེ་སློང་（梵文：bhikṣu，梵文罗马拟音：bhikṣu，汉语字面意思：比丘）。ཨུ་པཱ་སིཀ་（梵文：upāsikā，梵文罗马拟音：upāsikā，汉语字面意思：优婆夷）是指领受五戒等戒律，并接近阿罗汉果位的人，所以称为དགེ་བསྙེན་（梵文：upāsaka，梵文罗马拟音：upāsaka，汉语字面意思：近事男/女）。ཨུཔ་བཱ་ས་སྠ་ནི་（梵文：upavāsa-sthāni，梵文罗马拟音：upavāsa-sthāni，汉语字面意思：斋戒处）是指领受八关斋戒，并接近或侍奉圣者。སྠཱ་ནི་ཏིཥྛ་ན་ཏི་སྟེ་（梵文：sthāni tiṣṭhati，梵文罗马拟音：sthāni tiṣṭhati，汉语字面意思：处所，住处），因为是安住，所以称为“安住近住”。ཨུ་པ་སཾ་པནྣ་（梵文：upasampanna，梵文罗马拟音：upasampanna，汉语字面意思：具足）是指ཨུ་པ་（梵文：upa，梵文罗马拟音：upa，汉语字面意思：近）是接近，སཾ་བནྣ་（梵文：sampanna，梵文罗马拟音：sampanna，汉语字面意思：圆满）是圆满或具足的意思。因为接近涅槃，并通过祈求和四种羯磨而领受清净的比丘戒，所以称为“受具足戒”。ཨུ་པཱ་དྷྱཱ་ཡ་（梵文：upādhyāya，梵文罗马拟音：upādhyāya，汉语字面意思：亲教师）是指ཨུ་པེ་ཏྱདྷཱི་ཡཏ་ཨ་སྨཱད་（梵文：upetya dhīyate asmād，梵文罗马拟音：upetya dhīyate asmād，汉语字面意思：依彼而学），即最初从谁那里领受戒律，就特意去到他的面前，像念诵仪轨一样念诵和复诵，所以是对传授戒律者的称呼。以前将名声和意义结合起来，称为མཁན་པོ་（堪布）。ཨཱ་ཙཱརྻ་（梵文：ācārya，梵文罗马拟音：ācārya，汉语字面意思：阿阇梨）是指ཨཱ་ཙཱརྻ་སྟེ་ཨསྨིན་（梵文：ācārya asmin，梵文罗马拟音：ācārya asmin，汉语字面意思：阿阇梨于此），即从谁那里听闻和学习佛法和仪轨等，所以称为སློབ་དཔོན་（梵文：ācārya，梵文罗马拟音：ācārya，汉语字面意思：导师）。བྲཱ་ཧྨ་（梵文：brāhma，梵文罗马拟音：brāhma，汉语字面意思：梵）是指在最初劫时，有些人不住在家里，而是在寺庙里修行佛法，因为喜欢在城市之外的地方，所以《阿毗达磨》中称之为外道。 婆罗门教的经典中说བྲཱ་ཧྨ་ཎོ་ཨཱ་པ་ཏྱན་（梵文：brāhmaṇo āpatyan，梵文罗马拟音：brāhmaṇo āpatyan，汉语字面意思：婆罗门之子）出现，意思是梵天之子，但以前的名声被强调，所以仍然称为婆罗门。ཏཱིརྠ་ཀ་（梵文：tīrthaka，梵文罗马拟音：tīrthaka，汉语字面意思：外道）是指ཏིརྠྱཾ་བིདྱ་ཏེ་ཏཱིརྠ་ཀ་（梵文：tīrthyaṃ vidyate tīrthaka，梵文罗马拟音：tīrthyaṃ vidyate tīrthaka，汉语字面意思：拥有圣地的外道），就像从湖边建造进入湖中的台阶一样，修行苦行和瑜伽等各种佛法，并建造进入涅槃之湖的台阶，所以称为མུ་སྟེགས་ཅན་（梵文：tīrthika，梵文罗马拟音：tīrthika，汉语字面意思：外道）。从密咒中出现的名称中，ཏནྟྲ་（梵文：tantra，梵文罗马拟音：tantra，汉语字面意思：密续）是指ཏནྟྲ་པྲ་བནྡྷཱ་ཁྱཱ་（梵文：tantra prabandha ākhyā，梵文罗马拟音：tantra prabandha ākhyā，汉语字面意思：密续连续之名），即密咒的续部，是对息灾和增益等持续不断地阐述的名称，所以称为密咒的རྒྱུད་（梵文：tantra，梵文罗马拟音：tantra，汉语字面意思：续）。མནྟྲ་（梵文：mantra，梵文罗马拟音：mantra，汉语字面意思：真言）是指མནྟྲེ་གུ（梵文：mantre gu，梵文罗马拟音：mantre gu，汉语字面意思：咒语）
English
Because of practicing tranquility and training in goodness, it is called "དགེ་སྦྱོང་（梵文：śramaṇa，Romanized Sanskrit: śramaṇa, literally: ascetic）". In reality, it refers to the noble ordained ones. Later, it also applies to other ordained individuals. བྷིཀྵུ་（梵文：bhikṣu，Romanized Sanskrit: bhikṣu, literally: monk） refers to a male དགེ་སློང་（梵文：bhikṣu，Romanized Sanskrit: bhikṣu, literally: monk）, because they seek and strive for the meaning of Nirvana, and are fully ordained through the four karmas, and live by begging for alms in accordance with the Dharma, they are called དགེ་སློང་（梵文：bhikṣu，Romanized Sanskrit: bhikṣu, literally: monk）. ཨུ་པཱ་སིཀ་（梵文：upāsikā，Romanized Sanskrit: upāsikā, literally: female lay follower） refers to those who have received the five precepts and so on, and dwell near the fruit of an Arhat, so they are called དགེ་བསྙེན་（梵文：upāsaka，Romanized Sanskrit: upāsaka, literally: lay follower）. ཨུཔ་བཱ་ས་སྠ་ནི་（梵文：upavāsa-sthāni，Romanized Sanskrit: upavāsa-sthāni, literally: place of fasting） refers to those who have received the eight precepts of upavāsa, and dwell near or serve the noble ones. སྠཱ་ནི་ཏིཥྛ་ན་ཏི་སྟེ་（梵文：sthāni tiṣṭhati，Romanized Sanskrit: sthāni tiṣṭhati, literally: place, dwelling）, because it is dwelling, it is called "dwelling in proximity". ཨུ་པ་སཾ་པནྣ་（梵文：upasampanna，Romanized Sanskrit: upasampanna, literally: fully ordained） means ཨུ་པ་（梵文：upa，Romanized Sanskrit: upa, literally: near） is near, and སཾ་བནྣ་（梵文：sampanna，Romanized Sanskrit: sampanna, literally: complete） means complete or perfect. Because they are close to Nirvana, and receive the pure monastic vows through supplication and the four karmas, they are called "fully ordained". ཨུ་པཱ་དྷྱཱ་ཡ་（梵文：upādhyāya，Romanized Sanskrit: upādhyāya, literally: preceptor） means ཨུ་པེ་ཏྱདྷཱི་ཡཏ་ཨ་སྨཱད་（梵文：upetya dhīyate asmād，Romanized Sanskrit: upetya dhīyate asmād, literally: one learns from him）, that is, one goes specifically to the one from whom they first received the vows, and recites and repeats as in the recitation of the ritual, so it is a term for the one who bestows the vows. In the past, the name and meaning were combined, and it was called མཁན་པོ་ (Khenpo). ཨཱ་ཙཱརྻ་（梵文：ācārya，Romanized Sanskrit: ācārya, literally: teacher） means ཨཱ་ཙཱརྻ་སྟེ་ཨསྨིན་（梵文：ācārya asmin，Romanized Sanskrit: ācārya asmin, literally: teacher in this）, that is, the one from whom one hears and learns the Dharma and rituals, and so on, so it is called སློབ་དཔོན་ (teacher). བྲཱ་ཧྨ་（梵文：brāhma，Romanized Sanskrit: brāhma, literally: Brahman） refers to some people in the first kalpa who did not live at home but practiced the Dharma in monasteries, and because they liked places outside the city, they were called outsiders in the Abhidharma. In the Brahmanical scriptures, it says བྲཱ་ཧྨ་ཎོ་ཨཱ་པ་ཏྱན་（梵文：brāhmaṇo āpatyan，Romanized Sanskrit: brāhmaṇo āpatyan, literally: son of a Brahmin） appears, meaning son of Brahma, but the former fame is emphasized, so it is still called Brahmin. ཏཱིརྠ་ཀ་（梵文：tīrthaka，Romanized Sanskrit: tīrthaka, literally: heretic） refers to ཏིརྠྱཾ་བིདྱ་ཏེ་ཏཱིརྠ་ཀ་（梵文：tīrthyaṃ vidyate tīrthaka，Romanized Sanskrit: tīrthyaṃ vidyate tīrthaka, literally: one who possesses a sacred place）, just like building steps from the shore of a lake into the lake, practicing various Dharmas such as asceticism and yoga, and building steps to enter the lake of Nirvana, so it is called མུ་སྟེགས་ཅན་（梵文：tīrthika，Romanized Sanskrit: tīrthika, literally: heretic）. Among the names that appear in mantras, ཏནྟྲ་（梵文：tantra，Romanized Sanskrit: tantra, literally: tantra） refers to ཏནྟྲ་པྲ་བནྡྷཱ་ཁྱཱ་（梵文：tantra prabandha ākhyā，Romanized Sanskrit: tantra prabandha ākhyā, literally: name of a continuous tantra）, that is, the tantra of mantras, which is the name for the continuous exposition of pacifying and increasing, and so on, so it is called the རྒྱུད་ (tantra) of mantras. མནྟྲ་（梵文：mantra，Romanized Sanskrit: mantra, literally: mantra） refers to མནྟྲེ་གུ（梵文：mantre gu，Romanized Sanskrit: mantre gu, literally: mantra）