English
upa-skṛtaḥ... near joining, etc. ༈ bhate ghañ. Ghañ for objects. When the suffix ghañ is added to a root to denote an object, it changes. For example, sama, the prefix of kṛñ, plus gha, nya, nya, meaning increase. Gha, special meaning. Suṭ, giving. Saṃskāraḥ... action or good deed. ༈ Janerdzā. Jā of Jan. When the suffix kta is added to the root jan, it becomes jā, such as jātaḥ... born. ༈ Pace rbāḥ pa-ca las ba'o. When the suffix kta is added to the root baca, it becomes ba, such as bakvaḥ... cooked or ripe. ༈ Śuṣe kaḥ śuṣa la ka'o. When the suffix kta is added to the root śuṣa, it becomes ka, such as śuṣkaḥ... dried. ༈ Śā dermaḥ śā sogs la ma'o. When the suffix kta is added to śā, etc., it becomes ma, such as śai zad pa la, śāmaḥ... destroyer. ༈ Sphāyaḥ sphīḥ sphā ya'i sphī'o. When the suffix kta is added to the root sphāyi, it becomes sphī, such as sphītaḥ... aged. ༈ Kva su kā nau ṇa be ba tat. Kva su kāna dag ṇa ba e bzhin no. Kva-su and kāna can be added as suffixes to roots, and these two suffixes have different meanings and functions. Kva-su is similar to the oblique case of rnam dbye bar smyai pa da ṇap, etc., while kāna is similar to the ātmane-pada a, etc. In bhidir, there is a distinction between the two. Kva-su-ka has the meaning of negating qualities, as well as the meaning of unum, which is accomplished through repetition, etc. Bibhidvān... separating. Similarly, kṛ plus ca kṛtvān... done. Again, kṛ plus kāna. K has the meaning of negating qualities, through repetition, etc. Cakrāṇaḥ... done. Similarly, han plus kva-su iṭ si... jaghīvān... harmed... jaghānaḥ... kāna. Etc. ༈ Śatrī śā ṣo tip te pat kriyāyāṃ. In verbs, śatrī and śāna are like tip te. The suffixes śa-hṛ and śāna are added to roots to denote action, and the usage of these two suffixes is equivalent to śatrī being similar to the present tense active voice tip, etc., while śāna is similar to the ātmane-pada te, etc. Pa-ca plus śatrī ṛ num's meaning. Śa, special meaning. Pacan... si cooking. Similarly, paṭhan... si reading. Gai plus gāyan... si speaking. Etc. ༈ Mu gā neñ taḥ ān las at la muk'o. The suffix ān, that is, śāna, in the root a-ya
Chinese
对于以ིག་结尾的词，应当给予མུཀ྄ ཨཱ་ག་མ་。例如：པ་ཙ，ཤཱ་ན，ཤ་的特殊含义。给予མུཀ྄ ཨཱ་ག་མ་后，པ་ཙ་མཱ་ནཿ——烹饪。同样地，པི་བ་མཱ་ནཿ——饮用。ཡ་ཛ་མཱནཿ——供养。等等。此外，对于མན་，ཤཱ་ན，ཏ་ན྄ 等词，通过将乌（ཨུ་）བི་ཀཱ་ར་ཎ་转换为བ྄，得到མ་ནྭཱ་ནཿ——尊敬。等等。༈ ཨཱ་སེ་རཱ་ན་ཨཱི。从ཨཱས་到ཨཱ་ན་的ཨཱི。词根ཨཱས྄，从存在出发， 外在的后缀ཨཱ་ན་的ཨཱ་字母变为ཨཱི，即ཨཱ་སཱི་ནཿ——存在。༈ བཱ་དཱི་ཡོཿཤ་ཏུཿཨཏ྄ 上有ཤ་ཏུ་，即对于ཨཱིཔ་也可以选择添加ན。词根以ཨཏ྄ 结尾，后缀ཤ་ཏུ་发生变化，并且如果这个词是阴性，那么对于ཨཱིཔ྄，从外部给予ནུམ྄ ཨཱ་ག་མ་，或者不给予，这是一个选择。对于ཏུད་，加上ཤ་ཏུ་，乌（ཨུ་）和ཤ྄ 被去除，ཏུ་དད྄——痛苦。当要完成这个词时，阴性后缀ཨཱིཔ་ནུམ྄ 或者被添加，即ཏུ་དནྟཱི——痛苦的女性。ཏུ་ད་ཏཱི་等等。༈ །ཨ་པྱ་ཡོ་རཱནྣི་ཏྱཾ。对于ཨཏ྄，从ཨཔ྄ 的ཨ་总是。词根以ཨ་字母结尾，与ཨཔ྄ བི་ཀཱ་ར་ཎ་相关的ཤ་ཏུའི་后缀，对于阴性后缀ཨཱིཔ྄ 和中性词中从ཛས་变为ཤས་的ཨི་，ནུམ྄ 总是发生变化，即ཨཱིཔ྄ བྷ་བནྟཱི——存在的女性。ཛ་ས་ བྷ་ 存在的事物。བནྟི。ཨཱིཔ྄ པ་ཙནྟཱི——烹饪的女性。ཛས་ པ་ཙནྟི་——烹饪的事物。等等。此外，对于དི་བུ་游戏和ཤླི་ཥ་喜悦，通过དི་བ་等加上ཡ་བི་ཀཱ་ར་ཎ་，ཤ་ཏུ，ནུ་མ་等，得到ཨཱིཔ྄ དཱི་བྱནྟཱི——游戏的女性。ཨཱིཔ྄ ཤླི་ཥྱ་ནྟཱི་——喜悦的女性。等等。词根དཱ་等和ཛཀྵ་等，ཤ་ཏུ་总是适用，但是据说不给予ནུམ྄，即དཱ་加上ཤ་ཏུ་，ད་ད་ཏ྄ སི——给予。ཨཱིཔ྄ ད་ད་དཱི——给予的女性。ཛས྄ ད་ད་དི——给予的事物。同样地，ཛཀྵ་ཏ྄ སི་微笑。ཨཱིཔ྄ ཛཀྵ་ཏཱི——微笑的女性。ཛས྄ ཛཀྵ་ཏི——微笑的事物。ཛཱ་གྲ་ཏ——སི་制造火焰。ད་རི་དྲ་ཏ྄——སི་贫穷。ཙཀཱ་ས་ཏ྄——སི་发光。སི་ ཤཱ་སཏ྄——赞美。等等。༈ །བི་དེརྦཱ་བ་སུཿ从བིད་等词中也可以选择使用བ་སུ་。从词根བིད་等词中，在ཤ་ཏྲྀ的范围内，可以选择添加后缀བ་སུ་或者ཤ་ཏྲྀ本身，即བི་དྭཱན྄——有知识的人或学者。བི་དན྄。此外，对于ཨཏ྄ བྷ་བཏ྄ 和ཏ་ཏྲཱ，
English
For words ending with ིག་, མུཀ྄ ཨཱ་ག་མ་ should be given. For example: པ་ཙ, ཤཱ་ན, ཤ་ with a special meaning. After giving མུཀ྄ ཨཱ་ག་མ་, པ་ཙ་མཱ་ནཿ - cooking. Similarly, པི་བ་མཱ་ནཿ - drinking. ཡ་ཛ་མཱནཿ - offering. And so on. Furthermore, for words like མན་, ཤཱ་ན, ཏ་ན྄, by converting ཨུ་ བི་ཀཱ་ར་ཎ་ to བ྄, we get མ་ནྭཱ་ནཿ - respecting. And so on. ༈ ཨཱ་སེ་རཱ་ན་ཨཱི. From ཨཱས་ to ཨཱ་ན་'s ཨཱི. Root ཨཱས྄, from existence, the ཨཱ་ letter of the external suffix ཨཱ་ན་ changes to ཨཱི, i.e., ཨཱ་སཱི་ནཿ - existing. ༈ བཱ་དཱི་ཡོཿཤ་ཏུཿཨཏ྄ has ཤ་ཏུ་, i.e., for ཨཱིཔ་, adding ན is also an option. The root ends with ཨཏ྄, the suffix ཤ་ཏུ་ changes, and if the word is feminine, then for ཨཱིཔ྄, giving ནུམ྄ ཨཱ་ག་མ་ from the outside, or not giving it, is a choice. For ཏུད་, adding ཤ་ཏུ་, ཨུ་ and ཤ྄ are removed, ཏུ་དད྄ - suffering. When completing this word, the feminine suffix ཨཱིཔ་ནུམ྄ is either added, i.e., ཏུ་དནྟཱི - suffering woman. ཏུ་ད་ཏཱི་, etc. ༈ །ཨ་པྱ་ཡོ་རཱནྣི་ཏྱཾ. For ཨཏ྄, from ཨཔ྄'s ཨ་ always. The root ends with the letter ཨ་, the ཤ་ཏུའི་ suffix related to ཨཔ྄ བི་ཀཱ་ར་ཎ་, for the feminine suffix ཨཱིཔ྄ and the ཨི་ that changes from ཛས་ to ཤས་ in neuter words, ནུམ྄ always changes, i.e., ཨཱིཔ྄ བྷ་བནྟཱི - existing woman. ཛ་ས་ བྷ་ existing things. བནྟི. ཨཱིཔ྄ པ་ཙནྟཱི - cooking woman. ཛས་ པ་ཙནྟི་ - cooking things. And so on. Furthermore, for དི་བུ་ game and ཤླི་ཥ་ joy, by adding ཡ་བི་ཀཱ་ར་ཎ་, ཤ་ཏུ, ནུ་མ་, etc., with དི་བ་, etc., we get ཨཱིཔ྄ དཱི་བྱནྟཱི - playing woman. ཨཱིཔ྄ ཤླི་ཥྱ་ནྟཱི་ - joyful woman. And so on. For roots དཱ་, etc., and ཛཀྵ་, etc., ཤ་ཏུ་ always applies, but it is said that ནུམ྄ is not given, i.e., དཱ་ plus ཤ་ཏུ་, ད་ད་ཏ྄ སི - giving. ཨཱིཔ྄ ད་ད་དཱི - giving woman. ཛས྄ ད་ད་དི - giving things. Similarly, ཛཀྵ་ཏ྄ སི་ smiling. ཨཱིཔ྄ ཛཀྵ་ཏཱི - smiling woman. ཛས྄ ཛཀྵ་ཏི - smiling things. ཛཱ་གྲ་ཏ - སི་ making fire. ད་རི་དྲ་ཏ྄ - སི་ poor. ཙཀཱ་ས་ཏ྄ - སི་ shining. སི་ ཤཱ་སཏ྄ - praising. And so on. ༈ །བི་དེརྦཱ་བ་སུཿ From བིད་, etc., བ་སུ་ can also be chosen. From the roots བིད་, etc., within the scope of ཤ་ཏྲྀ, it is possible to choose to add the suffix བ་སུ་ or ཤ་ཏྲྀ itself, i.e., བི་དྭཱན྄ - knowledgeable person or scholar. བི་དན྄. Furthermore, for ཨཏ྄ བྷ་བཏ྄ and ཏ་ཏྲཱ,