English
, ‘in speeches’; fdbfd tisthati, ‘stands,’ from 4 §TT stha, stand’; Hfq^fTT bhavi-syati, ‘will be,’ from ^ bhu, ‘be’; susvapa, he slept,’ from qqq svap, ‘ sleep ’; from caksus : 'ct caksus-mat, ‘ possessing eyes ’; but qfifi sarpih (final); m anas-a, ‘ by mind ’ (a precedes); flfaWH tamis-ram, dark¬ ness ’ (r follows). INTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 3 * II 69 Table showing when changes to Tf s. Vowels except ^ a, W a change if followed by (iu spite of intervening vowels, Anusvlira or Visarga), to <T. t, *Mh, n, also ^ k, ^ r, —__ _ _ Ao/e. The rules about the changes of the dental ^n and to the corresponding cerebrals, should be thoroughly acquired, since these changes must constantly be made in declension and conjugation. 68. The labial ^ m remains unchanged before ^ r , (cp. 60 and 42 B 1); but before suffixes beginning with v it becomes ^n e.g. mjiq: kam-yab, ‘desirable,’ ?!TO tam-ra, . ™N* r - colouied >’ TO am-la, 4 sourbut ^iRTFUa-gan-vun, •having gone (from gam, 4 go ’). 69. a. The (soft) breathing f h before ^ , and, in roots begmnmg with f d, before f(t, tTJh, Hdh also, is treated like ' +f% leh + si =^ let-?'', ‘thou lickest’ (67); ^ + <b>h + syati = Wf* dhak-syati, 'ho will burn’ (55): ^ + 7 T dah + la = ^Tfcl dag-dha, ‘ burnt ’ (62b); few + Q d.h + dhve=fV 7 ^ dhig-dhve, ‘ye anoint’ (6ao). sTmilariy treated are the perf. pass, participles of tbo roots ffcf nih and, one sense, muh : ftji snig-dha, ‘ smooth,’ and mug-dha, foolish.’ J *• f h, in aU other roots, is treated like an aspirate cerebral, 8fter chan E ill S following <U tfjh, ^dh to t (lb, and lengUiemng apreeeding short vowel, is dropped ;-e. g. + * Ih + ta_#3 lldha, ' licked ’j ,nuh + ta=^* 3 2 INTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI III 70 mudha, ‘ infatuated.’ Similarly treated are the roots ^3 vah and sah, but with an apparent irregularity in the vowel: ‘dlS ndha 1 , ‘ carried ’ (for <^3 + vah -j- ta); voclhum 2 , ‘to carry ’ (for T3 + vah + turn) ; sodhum 2 , ‘ to bear ’ (for 4- 3^ + turn). An exception to h is the root T 3 nah, in which ^ h is treated as V dh : •T 3 nad-dha, ‘ bound.’ An exception to both a and b is the root 33 drh : 3<5 drdhn, 4 firm ’ (begins with 3 d and has a short vowel). CHAPTER III DECLENSION 70. Declension, or the inflexion of nominal stems by means of endings, is most conveniently treated under the three heads of 1. nouns (including adjectives); 2. numerals; 3. pronouns. In Sanskrit there are— a. three genders; masculine, feminine, and neuter; b. three numbers : singular, dual, and plural; c. eight cases: nominative, vocative, accusative, instru¬ mental, dative, ablative, genitive, locative 3 . The syllable 3 va, which is liable to Samprasaraija (p. U, note 1), becomes ^3 u and is then lengthened. 3 Here o represents the Indo-Iranian azh, which after cere¬ bral izing and aspirating the following dental becomes o, just as original as (through az) becomes oe. g. in mano-bhili: cp. 45 b. 3 This is the order of the Hindu grammarians, excepting the vocative, which is not regarded by them as a case. It is convenient as the only arrangement by which such cases as are identical in form, eit er in e singular, the dual, or the plural, may be grouped together. Ill 72 DECLENSION 33 7 1 * The normal caso-endings added to the stem are the following:— Singular. m. P. N. N. — V. — a - A. ’llam — I. UTa D. He Ab.) G. ] L. Dual. m. P. N. au i | bhyam 1 Plural. m. P. N. X.i C fJTO: bhia J bhyas g su *. The vocative is the same (apart from the accent) as the nominative in all numbers except the masc. andfem. sing, of vowel stems generally and the masc. sing, of consonant stems in -at, -an, -in, -as (cp. 76 a), -yas, -vas. b. The nom. acc. sing. neut. has the bare stem excepting the words in -a, which add J^m. c. The nom.voc. acc.plur. neut. before the H i insert *^n after a vowel stem and before a single final mute or sibilant of a consonant stem (modifying the *Jn according to the class of the consonant). 72. An important distinction in declension (in stems ending in ^c, c^t, H. n * H 8 i ^ r) is that between the strong and the weak stem. If the stem has two forms, the strong and the weak stem are distinguished ; if it has three forms, strong, middle, and weakest are distinguished. a. Shifting of accent was the cause of the distinction. The stem, having been accented in the strong cases, here naturally preserved its full form; but it was shortened in the weak cases by the accent falling on the endings. For a similar reason the last vowel of the strong stem, if long, is regularly shortened in o DECLENSION HI 73 the vocative, because the accent always shifted to the first syllable in that case. 73 * The strong stem appears in the following cases:— Nom. voc. acc. sing. Nom. voc. acc. dual Nom. voc. (not acc.) plur. Nom. voc. acc. plural only of neuters. a. When the stem has three forms, the middle stem appears before terminations beginning with a consonant 2 (°^T^-bhyam, e fH^-bhis,owra: -bhyas, °?J -su); the weakest, before terminations beginning with a vowel in the remaining weak cases ;—e. g. pratyafic-au, nom. dual ; praty£g-bhih, inst. plur.; pratlc-6fr, gen. dual (93). b. In neuters with three stems, the nom. voc. acc. sing, are middle, the nom. voc. acc. dual, weakest;—e. g. praty£k, sing., infHt pratlc-i, dual, praty£fic-i, plur. (93). The other cases are as in the masculine. I of masculine nouns 1 . xouxs. 74 * This declension may conveniently be divided into two classes:— I. Stems ending in consonants 3 :— A. unchangeable ; B. changeable. 1 Excepting the stems in ^0 r (101) nearly all nouns with changeable stems form their feminine with the suffix (100). 3 It is practically most convenient to name changeable stems in the middle form, since this is also the form in which they appear as prior members in compounds. * Some grammars begin with the vowel declension in X a (II. A) since this contains the majority of all the declined stems in the language. Ill 76 DECLENSION 35 II. Steins ending in vowels:—A. in ^1 a and a; B. in f; i and U u; C. in I and u; D. in r; E. in "lj[ ai, o, an. I. A. Unchangeable Stems. 75 * The number of these stems is comparatively small, there being none ending in guttural or cerebral mutes, and none in nasals or semivowels (except ^ r). They are liable to such changes only as are required by the rules of Sandhi before the consonant terminations (cp. 16 a). Masculines and feminines ending in the same consonant are inflected exactly alike; and the neuters differ only in the nom. voc. acc. dual and plural. 76. The final consonants of the stem retain their original sound before vowel terminations (71); but when there is no ending (nom. sing., the ^s of the m. f. being dropped), and before the loc. pi. g sir, they must be reduced to one of the letters cjj k, ? K.P or Visarga (27), which respectively become g, v? d, ^b, or ^ r, before the terminations beginning withal bh. a. The voc. sing. m. f. is the same as the nom. except in stems in (derivative) as (83). b. Forms of the nom. voc. acc. plur. neut. are extremely rare in this declension ;-e.g. from •HT^-bhaj, ‘sharing,’ •bhaflji; nom. sing. -bhak. f ° r , Pr 1 ac ‘ ical re f so "“ H PP preferable to begin with the eon- ZtZ !Tir . „ add “ the nomml (70 without modifi- ££££££“ ottbe •■ deoIeMion 3 6 CONSONANT DECLENSION III 77 77. Paradigm SING. •V. g!<tsu-hrt (27) | • ^}^<^*(.su-hrd-ain i- su-lird-a D. su-hrd-e Ab. ' Stems in Dentals. su-hrd, m. ‘ friend ’ (lit. ‘ good-hearted ’). DUAL. -hrd-au G. L. PLUR. I -hrd-ah -hrd-bhyam I su-hrd-ah > su-brd-i -hrd-bhih I -lird-bhyah I -hrd-oh -hrd-am -hrt-su (32) a. In the paradigms of regular nouns with unchangeable stems it will be sufficient to remember the nom. sing, aud the uoin. inst. loc. plur.;—e.g. from -jit, ‘conquering *: -jit. •f^eTt -jit-ah, -jid-bhih, -jit-su ; from °*T^ -math, ‘destroying’: °*T 7 ^ -mat, -math-alj, -mad- l^li 1 1?, -mat-su; from °*pj-vrdh, ‘increasing ’: -vrt. °fV: -vrdh-ab, °ff^: -v r d-bhib, -vrt-su. Stems in Labials. 78. Only a few e udiug in ^ p and ^ bli occur. They aro declined exactly like su-hrd. STEM. NOM. SO. NOM. PL. INST. PL. LOC. PL. dharma-gup . °!TC °!P* 111. ‘ guardian of law ’ -gup -gup-ab -gub-bhih -gup-su kakubli, f. ‘ region ’ kakup kakubh-ah kakub-bbih kakup-su Ill 79 UNCHANGEABLE STEMS 37 Stems in Palatals. 79 * The palatals (^_c, undergo a change of organ when final and before consonant terminations (cp. 63). ^ c always becomes guttural ( 5 $ k or g); oy and nearly always become guttural, but sometimes cerebral (<T $ or ^ d). STEIf. KOM.SO. ROM. PL. INST. PL. LOC. PL. ^vsc 1 , *rr*r: <rrfw ^ f. ‘ speech ’ vak vac-ab vag-bhfb vak-su (67) STEM. NOM. so. NOM. PL. INST. PL. vac \ ^T^i TT^: ^Tfw f. ‘speech’ vak vac-ab vag-bhfb ^l^^asrj, n. ‘ blood ’ asrk / • • asrnj-i dsrg-bhib ^^ruj, W- f. * disease ’ ruk ruj-al.i rug-bhih “• 0100(1 * 8 r* asrnj-i dsrg-bhib dsrk-su ^ r °i* ^ W ^fhr: ^ ‘ f.‘dise ase* ruk ruj-al.i rug-bhih ruk-su TOT^samraj, h**[<*: TOT%: m. sovereign * samra* samraj-ah samrafl-bhib eam-ratsu t^s f^fw: r. cardinal point ’ dfk dts-ah dig-bhib di-ad f*n? ft*: faff: fei m. settlor’ vt* vis-ah vid-bhtb vif-sd a. Like TfTH vac are declined tvac, f. ‘ skin,’ ^ rue, f. l.gkt,’ sruc, f. ’ladle'; jala-muc, m. ‘cloud’ (lit water-shedding ’). b. Like ruj are declined SSf*T rtv-ij, m. 1 priest - pit . sacrificing^ in season’), banij, 'merchant,’ farf* , PVa'W; ^sraj, f. - garland’; also Crj, f.