English
MTR srrr: ‘ go ’ jagan-van 1 jagan-vams-ah jagm-ds-ab jagan-vdd-bhib ^fr*RTR ^fRRR: . . 1 jagm-i-van jagm-i-vanis-ah jagm-us-ab jagmi-v 4 d-bhib f^vid, f^T . 2 fRRR: fa?*: fW%'- ‘ know ’ vid-van vid-vams-ab vid-ds-ah vid-vad-bhib 90 . 2 . Nouns in an (also *1*1. man, 3*1. van), masc. and neut. 3 , form the strong stem in ^IR.an, the weakest in ^n, the middle in a. In the nom. sing. masc. the final R n is dropped. In the loc. sing, and the nom. voc. acc. dual the 1 On this change of Rm to Rn, see 68. J Without reduplication, cp. Gk. tlSd/f. 3 On the formation of the feminine stem see 95. Ill go CHANGEABLE STEMS 47 syncopation of the ^1 a of the suffix is optional. In the weakest cases syncope does not take place when man and van are immediately preceded by a consonant. The concurrence of three consonants is here avoided, though not in stems in simple 'IP^an. Hence at-man-a, but I taks-n-a, murdh-n-a. Examples of the inflexion of these stems are :— x. <,M*^raj-an, m. ‘king’— SINO. TWT raj-a raj-ai PLUR. raj-an-ab TT'ii; raj-S-ah I. TTHTraj-fl-a L. \lflf raj-fi-i or raj-an-i- TT 5 RJ i a* ^IR^na-man, n. ‘name’ (Lat. n 5 -men) — 81 MO. DUAL. PLUR. N.A. *TR nt-ma V. M l*f nama or na-mn-I or •TRft na-man-I •H *11 Pi na-man-i *TT*Rna-man W na-mn-a na-ma-bhyam na-mn-i or ’rrafr: na-mn-ofc I ^tTJrfSf na-man-i *11 +t plJ na-ma-bhib na-ma-su 3 * *!TC>ah-m$n, m. ‘creator’ (®*i^-man after consonant)— 4 8 CONSONANT DECLENSION III 91 N. 3 $[T brah-ma A. mm*, brah-man-am (65) V. brdh-man I. WOTT brah-man-a 4. Ul^^gra-van, m. ‘stone’ — SING. N. *n*TT gia-va A. %|( 41 UIH. gra-van-am brah-man-ah brah-mdn-ah brah-ma-bhilj I. I grav-n-a PLUR. 44 iqiUj: gru-van-ah UTOP grav-n-ah gra-va-bhil? 2 a. Irregular Stems in an. 91. 1. pdnth-an, m. ‘ path,’ has M*^Kp^nth-an for its strong stem, patli-f for its middle, and TJYJ path for its weakest stem ; the nom. irregularly adds ^s 1 — sing. PtUR. N. W: pauth-a-h A. pduth-an-am I. WT path-a pduth-an-ab TTOJ path-ib 1 This ^ a is due to the fact that in the earlier language this word had two stems: the one TfSen p^nthn, forming N. M*ITJ A. pdntha-m; the other, MV|K pdnthan, forming N. Mil pdntha, A. 1 * 1 *^ pdnthan-am. Ill 91 CHANGEABLE STEMS 49 2. Hf^dh-an.n.'day,’ takes ^flf^dh-as as its middle stern—- SING. DUAL. PLUR. I. 4 l£T dhn-a ^fgdhn-i &han-i 3. ^f^s'v-£n, m. ‘ dog,’ forms its weakest stem, sun 2 , with Saraprasarana. Otherwise it is declined like lujan. SING. PLUR. N. ^TT sva (*vov) A. flH*^8van-am V. ^J^svdn (kuov) n.v. ?re: svan-afo s\in-ah (novae) p ■ . ■ ■ I. svd-bhih • 4 * ^^.yd-van, m. ‘youth’ (Lat. juven-is), forms its weakest stem, yun, by Samprasarana (yu-un) and contraction (cf. Lat. iun-ior)— SINO. PLUR* j N. yti-vS A. yd-van-am V. ^l^yu-van N.V. 4J4HI yti-van-a\i *S? : yun-afo f vti-va-bhi\i 1 The Visarga in the N.V. A. sing., and when the word is tbe prior member of a compound (except in ^nftrrf aho-ratra, in. n. 1 day and night ’), is treated like an original ^ r (46): hence ahar-ahah, * day by day ahar-ganoh, ‘series of days.’ s So also in Greek: tfwiir*= 3 iinah. 50 CONSONANT DECLENSION III 92 5. maghd-van (lit. ‘ bountiful ’), m. a name of Indra, also forms its weakest stem, ettHq^maghon 1 , by Samprasaraga and contraction :— snro. PLtra. N. 4 JVI 4 T maghd-va N.V. *1*HH: maghi-van-ah A. M y\ 3 magha-van-am V. 5 RfTPI^magha-van maghon-at I. maghd-va-bhih g2. The root ^*^ban, ‘ kill,’ when used as a noun at the end of a compound, for the most part follows the analogy of stems in Vf.an. The strong stem is ^*^han (with a long vowel in the nom. sing, only), the middle ^ ha, and the weakest ^ghne.g. brahma-han, m. ‘ Brahman-killer ’— N. SUIT -ha N.V. A. -hin-am (65) V. flW^*l-han 't. 2 L. -gh.n-1 2 WSTffil -bdn-i I. -b^-bhit -b^-su 3. Adjectives in H^ac. 93. These words, the suffix 3 of which is generally expressed by ‘-ward,’ form the strong stem in yi^aflc, the middle in 1 Forms from #f^qr^ magha-vat are also sometimes founde. g. nom. q 1 *1. magha-v 5 n, gen. *1*43*11 magha-vat-ah. * The cerebralization of ^n (65) does not take place here, probably because the guttural mute immediately precedes it. * These words are properly compounds formed with the verb H ^anc, ‘ bend,’ which has, however, practically acquired the character of a suffix. Ill 93 CHANGEABLE STEMS 5 1 ac, and the weakest in Ic or uc 1 (according as ac is preceded by ^y or ^v);—e. g. <Sl^praty-ac, m. n. 2 ‘ backward,’ ‘ westward *— Masculine. BING. DUAL. PLUR. N.V. praty-dA (61) °RI 5 t -tydflc-au A. pratydflc-am °W[^ -tydflc-an -tydfic-alj J| °<fH: -tic-di? I. pratic-a L. Hcflfa pratlc-f -tydg-bhyar -tic-6h Neuter. n ®WfW -tydg-bhifc 1 °W^[ -tydk-flu (30; 67) N.A. pratydk ] pratlc-i IHllfe pratydHc-i a. Other words similarly declined are— Strong Stem. Middle Stem. Weakest Stem. ny-hfic, ‘ downward * ny-kk nFc W^sam-y-ditc, ‘ right ’ sam-y-6k sam-Tc fH^tir -y-dfic, ‘ transverse * tir-y-dk <^tirds-c 3 tid-afic, * upward ’ tid-ak iid-Tc 4 1 Contractions for y-ac and v-ac respectively (whioh usually would bo shortened to lo and tic). The apparent irregularity of the long vowel is probably due to the Sampras&rana here being not internal, but external, at the junction of a compound. If the vowel were short, the stem would look as if formed with a suffix ^ -c added to the final vowel of the prior membere. g. JjfTT^prati-c, anu-c. * On the formation of the feminine see 95. From Td^t^tiras (cp. Lat. trans) + ^T^ac, ‘going across,’ * hori- xontal as a noun, m. n., it means ‘animal/ 4 t i, though no ^y precedes the ^ a of the suffix, by analogy. 52 CONSONANT DECLENSION III 9-1 anuc Strong Stem. Middle Stem. Weakest Stem. anv-dfic, ‘following’ anv-dk w'sv-afic,‘all-pervading’ fa ^4) visv-ak VI8UC b. xrrr^ pdrfic, ‘ turned away,’ priic, ‘forward,’ ‘ eastern.’ and ^141^ iivac, ‘downward,’ ‘southern,’ have only two stems, pdruilc, TTH^ prune and l^dvauc for the strong, panic, prac and 414 d\ac for the weak :— Masculine. sing. PLUR. N.Y. 3TT^ pran ( 61 ) "RTW* priiiic-ah A. prafic-am AT4 prac-ah I. piuc-a WTfW prag-bhib L. Alfa prac-i WT^ prak-su 94 . The beginner will find it useful to remember the following points with regard to changeable stems:— 1 . The vowel of the suffix is lengthened in the nom. sing. masc. except in stems in at and ac agui-man, jnana-vau ; gdr-Iyun ; cakr-van ; TT 5 TT ruj-n, W&J brah-ma, W yu-vu ; dhan-T, 4 lJ*fl vfig-ml, manns-vi; but ad-au, It< 39 ^; praty-ah. 2 . The nom. sing. masc. ends in a nasal in all changeable stems except those in <^n (414, an, Jt^inan, 44, van, ?,4,hi, fit^min, f^T^vin), which drop it. 3 . All changeable stems which lengthen the vowel in the nom. sing, masc., keep it short in the vocative, and always retain the 4 , n of the stem ;—e. g. ’jftW^dgni-niaii, ^R^U'^ ft - van ; gdr-iyan; 4£44,cakr-van; TT^lraj-an, 4 ^ 14 .brdli- niau, *J 44 , vu-vau; Vfa^dhan-in, 4 TfT*T 4 vag-min, m&nas-vin* Ill 05 CHANGEABLE STEMS 53 a. In other changeable steins the vocative differs from the nom. solely in always having the accent on the first syllable: 'fl^*^ ad-an, voc., addu, nom.; pratyaii, voc., pratyaii, nom. 95 * The feminines of nouns with changeable stems are formed by adding I to the weak stem (when there are two stems) or the weakest (when there are three), and follow the declension of nadi (ioo);—e.g. adat-i; agni-mdt-T, jfiana-vat-I; dhanln-T, q|f 4 *tTl vag-mfn-1, manas-vfn-I; garlyas-I; rajffi (‘queen ’); -namn-I(adj.,‘ named’); sun-i (‘bitch’); -ghn-I (‘killing’); pratlc-i, prac-I. a. The feminine of the present participle active of the first conjugation (125) is made from the strong masc. stem in 'flirt.ant ( C P* I 5 ^) I that of the second conjugation from the weak stem in ^ at ;^e.g. bhdvant-I, ‘being 1 ,’ tuddnt-i 2 , striking,’ divyant-I, ‘ playing,’ corayant-T, ‘ stealing ’; but juhv-at-T, ‘ sacrificing,* yufij-at-i, ‘joining,’ sunv-at-i, ‘pressing/ gplrft kurv-at-f, ‘ doing, ’itflwt krln-at-i, ‘ buying/ b. The feminine of the simple future participle active is usually formed like the present part, of the first conjugation; bhavisydnt-1 2 , about to be/ karisyant-i, ‘ about to do/ c - T ^° few adjectives in -van form their feminines in sra -van pi-van (it'kov), ‘fat, ’ f. 'tftaft pi-varl 1 But bhavat-i from Jl^bhavat, 'your Honour’ (86 a). * If the verbal base, however, ende in accented U a;—e.g. tudrf, bbavisyd, theweak form may optionally be taken, when the receives the accent: tnd-at-f, bhavisy-at-L 54 CONSONANT DECLENSION III 96 (nitipa). The fem. of the irregular yd-van, ‘ young ’(91, 4), is yuva-tl or yuva-tl. Irregular Nouns with Changeable Stems. 96. 1. ap, f. ' water,’ which is always plural, lengthens its N a in the strong cases (N.V.) and substitutes r^t for ^p before ^ bh:— N. ap-ab A. V?! ap-ah I. Ufw: ad-bhn, ap-sii 2. anad-vah, m. ‘ox’ (lit. ‘cart-drawer,’ from anas-f vah), has three stems: the last syllable is lengthened in the strong stem, anad-vah, and shortened by Samprasarana in the weakest, iM'dg anad-uh, and in the middle anad-ut MV ^ (dissimilated, for anad-ud: cp. 27). The nom. and voc. are irregularly formed, as if from a stem in XJt^vat. N. N^T^T^anadvan V. ^*1^*^dnadvan A. ^^^ I anadvah-am I. 1 anaduh a L. anaddh-i N.V. anadvah-ab A. anaddh-ab I. anadud-bhib L. 'N*r 5 f^T anaddt-su M M_ 3 . pd-mams l , m.