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' strength * (nom. urk, 28). < nn^an t ^ fT ^ 8ftn,lS,# decUned parivmj, m. 1 Stem, in derivative are changeable (93). 38 CONSONANT DECLENSION 1TI Ho d. Like dis are declined 0 ‘^ Jt ^-drs, ‘ seeing,’ ^ -sprs, ‘ touching ’ (at the end of compounds). Stems in Cerebrals. 8 o. The only cerebral stems are those in the sibilant ^s, which is naturally changed to cerebral or^ d. STEM. NOM. SO. NOM. PL. INST. PL. LOC. PL. f^qdvis, ft? m. ‘ enemy ’ dvft • dvfs-ab dvid-bhfljt dvit-su Hlf ^ pra-vrs, mf? f. ‘ rainy season ’ pravft pravrs-ab pravrd-bhih pravrt-su Stems in ^ h. 8l. Most of the few stems in ^ li change that letter when final or before consonant endings to a guttural, but (cp. 69 b) in •fil* -lih, ‘ licking,’ it becomes cerebral, and in upa-nah, f. ‘shoe’ (that which is ‘tied on’), dental:— STEM. KOM. SO. NOM. PL. INST. PL. LOC. PL. -dull. °P : o^fw: ‘ milking ’ -dh.uk -duh-ali -dhug-bhib -dhuk-3u (62 # S*? -druh. °p : °wfw: ‘ injuring ’ -dhrnk -druh-afi -dhxug-bhih -dhruk-su *Rl? usnih, ■dRrfw: f. ‘ a metre ’ usnik usnih-ab • . • • • usnig-bhih usnik-su madhu-lih, m. °f%rzg ‘bee’ (‘ honey-licker ’) -li^ -lili-ab -lid-bhib -li^-su upa-nah, °^Tf: °?TrST f. ‘ shoe ’ upa-nat -nah-ah -nad-bhil.i -nat-su Ill 83 UNCHANGEABLE STEMS 39 Stems in Tr l . < 82. The ^ r becomes Visarga only when final, that is, in the nom. sing, only, remaining before the g su of the loc. plur. (50). A preceding ^ i or u is lengthened when the T! r is final or followed by a consonant. STEM. HOJC. SO. NOM. PL. INST. PL. LOC. PL. dvar, , _ g W f. door dvah dvar-at dvar-bhifc dvar-au (67) giL a fire: f. voice gib gir-a(i gir-bhit gTr-911 mi 1* W- ifi?: f. town put pur-at pur-bhih pur-8 a Stems in ^s. 83. These stems consist almost entirely of words formed with the derivative suffixes ^ as, is. ^ ns, chiefly neuters. They lengthen their final vowel (before the inserted nasal) in the nom. voc. acc. -plur. neut. The masculines and feminines are nearly all adjective compounds with these etems as their final member; those in ^as lengthen the * a in the nom. sing. Para digms: ^Sjtfyas-as, n. ‘fame'; fft^hav-is, n. ‘obla- l‘°n ; M^ay-us, n. ‘life.’ n.v.a. *nj: yasah yasas-a Singular. fft: havifr havis-a (67) ^rg: ayu%i ^rg*T ayns -5 (67) 1 There are no steins in other semivowels. 4° CONSONANT DECLENSION m 83 d. *ni% yasas-e havis-e ayus-e Ab.G. *nr*r: ya>'as-ab havis-ab ayus-ah l. yfqfM *lT*lf* yasas-i havis-i • Dual. ayus-i n.v.a. *nnft yas'as-T havis-T • ayus-I I.D. Ab. yaso-bhyara (45, 2) havir-bhyam (44) ayur-bhyam g.l. *nr^t: yasas-oh havis-ob Plural. ayus-oh N.V.A. *n*jhfa yas'ams-i (66, 2) havims-i • • ayums-i 1 . *nfrf5 t: yaso-bhib havir-bhib ayur-bhih d. Ab. *nftw yaso-bhyab havir-bhvah • • ayur-bhvah G. yasas-am havis-am • ayus-am l. ’wgjg yasab-su havib-su (67) ayub-sii (67) a. su-manas, as an adjective,‘cheerful,’ has in the noni. sing. masc. *J*i*fU sumdn&h (voc. *J*?*!J sumanab), but neuter sumdnali (hut ^Tg: dirghayub nom. sing, in all genders). Similarly ahgiras, m., usanas, m., names of seers, and us-as, f. ‘dawn,’ form the nominatives ahgirah, 'ZjpfV. usdnab (sometimes ^TOFTT usdna), and usab. Ill 85 CHANGEABLE STEMS 41 b. ^TfSre.a-sis 1 , f. 4 Messing,’ lengthens its ^ i (like the stems * n * r ) * n the nom. sing, and before consonants: nom. sing. 5 pl nom. asis-ah, in6t. us'lr-bhih, loc. ”*(( asih-sn. c. dos, n. ‘arm,’ is quite regular: nom. sing, dob, nom. dual dos-I; pi. inst. ^tfS: dor-bhih, loc. dob-su. B. Changeable Stems. 84. Regular changeable stems end in the dentals c^t, ^n, ^s, or the palatal ^c; those in c^t end in at (also V^mat, ^vat); those in ^n end in VI. an (also V^man, VJ.van) °r ^in (also min, f^vin); those in ^ s end in ^ yas (comparatives) or vas (perf. participles active); those in \c end in V^ac, which is properly a root meaning ‘to bend.’ The stems in V*>t (85-6), **in (87), V^yas (88) have two forms, strong and weak; those in VI.an (90-92), ^vas (89), ( 93 ) have three, strong, middle, and weakest (73). Worms with Two Steins. 85. 1. Stems in V^at comprise Present and Future Par ticl es (156) active (masc. and neut.) 2 . The strong stem 13 in V^ant, the weak in V^at** —e.g. ad-ant and ad-at, ‘eating,’ from VJad, ‘to eat’— 1 Derived not with the .affix ^ is, but from the (weakened) root with the prefix V 5. t ?“ * be formation of the feminine stem see 95. edent** diitinctioa ™ loflt b 7 normalization: gen. 42 CONSONANT DECLENSION III 86 Masculine. SINGULAR. DUAL. PLURAL. N.V. ^i^^addu addnt-au adant-ab A. addnt-am addnt-au adat-afy I- ^^ 7 TT adat-a adad-bhih D. adat-e ' addd-bhj am )_ Ah.) r adad-bhyal. r adat-dh G. ) adat-ofo ) adat-am L. adat-f addt-su N.A. 'U<^ct v addt Neuter. adat-i addnt-i a. mah-at, ‘ great,’ originally a present participle 1 , forms its strong stem in ant. N. fl^T^mahan pi. ni. mahant-ab n. -banti A. im*l mahant-am mahat-ufr I. ^T^rTT mabat-a l niahdd-bbih L. mabflt-su 86 . The stems of the adjectives formed with the suffixes mat and vat, which mean ‘ possessed of/ ‘ having,’ differ from those in ^ffr^at solely in lengthening the vowel in the nom. sing. masc.;—e. g. x. agni-mdt, ‘ having a (sacrificial) fire ’ (masc. aud neut.) 2 — 1 From the root mah (originally magh), cp. Lat. mag-nue. a On the formation of the feminine stem see 95. Ill 87 CHANGEABLE STEMS 43 N. sg. m.-*fa*il^-man p]. °TOT: -m^nt-ah n. -mduti A. -m 4 nt-am V. ^rf^Rp^-man °*PTJ -m&t-ah L. -mat-su a. jfiana-vat, ‘possessed of knowledge’ (masc. and neut.) 1 — 1 - _ N.sg.m.'ijlqqt? 1 ^ jfiana-van pl. ^lqqrtl jfiana-vant-ah A. vJTqqnR^ jflana-vant-am VjTqqrfl jflana-vat-ah *. bhdv-at, when used as the present participle of ^bhu, be, is declined like 'il^c^adat (only the accent remains on the first syllable throughout); but when it means ‘your Honour,’ it is declined (as if derived with the suffix -vat) like !|H^ jflanavat: nom. ^TO^bhavan, acc. TOTO^bhavantam. Besides H^ bhavan there is also an irregular voc. (cp. 49) bhoh, air I ’ (a contraction of an older TO. bhavas). b. kl-y-at, ‘ how much ? ’ and TOctf-y-at, ‘ so much,* are also declined like ITm^jfiana-vat. N. f^TP^kijan P l. faiTO! kfyant-ab n.f^f^kfyant-i A.^-n^klyant-am I fqrqa: klv<u-h 87-3. Adjectives formed with the suffix ^in (masc. and neut.) , which means ‘possessing/ are very numerous. They are <^atives from substantives in a; thus TO bala, * strength/ jvl^l^bal-in, Btron g** The stem of these words is weak only efore consonants and in the nom. acc. sing, neut., where it drops ° ^ n ‘ In nom - Bin g- masc., where (as in all regular n- emB) the *^n is dropped, and in the nom . voc. acc. pl. neut., On the formation of the feminine stem see 95. 44 CONSONANT DECLENSION III 83 the ^ i is lengthened;—e. g. Vf*H. dhan-in, ‘ possessing wealth,’ ‘ ric h Masculine. singular. N. dhau-i A. dhauin-am I. Vf^TT dhanin-a V. dh 4 n-in. PLURAL. dhanfn-ah dharifn-ab dhani-bhih Neuter. N.A. dhan-i dhanxni V. Vf*! dhani or dhanin. a. Stems in fi^inin and f^l vin have a similar meaning and are declined in the same way;—e. g. manas-vin, wise, ^TfTTT^vag-min, ‘ eloquent’ (from SJI^vac). ifa^sva-miu, m. ‘lord’ (lit. ‘having property’), is used as a substantive only. 88. 3. Comparatives in V^I^iyas (masc.and neut.) 1 form their strong stem in iyams;—e. g. gar-Iya9, ' heavier,’ comparative of guru, ‘heavy’— Masculine. SINGULAR. N. *rftoT^g 4 riyan A. g^rlyams-am V. ^r^V^I^g^riyan 1. *rftwr gdrlyas-a rLURAL. g*rlyam8-afr I *l0^** : g^riyas-at gfiriyO-bhib( 45 2 ) Neuter. N.A. girlyab girlyas-I I JlQij f fa garlyams-i j 1 On the formation of the feminine stem see 95. 1 TI 8i> CHANGEABLE STEMS 45 Nouns with Three Stems. 89. 1. Participles of the reduplicated perfect in *TC^vas (masc. and neut.) 1 form their strong stem with vams, the middle with vat 2 , the weakest with ^P^us (67; cp. 157) ;—e. g. cakr-vas 3 , ‘ having done,* * from kr, * to do ’— 1 On the formation of the feminine stem see 95. * The change of ^ b to c^t here began in the early Vedio period before ^ bh, extending thence to the loc. plur. and the nom. acc. sing, neut. is the unaccented form of ^vaa (cp. 137, 2 c). * Beginners sometimes confuse this reduplicated perf. part, active with the active participle formed by adding the suffix ^vat to the perfect pa ssive part. ;-e. g , nom. masc. krta-van, • having done,’ acc. krta-vantam (cp. 161). The confusion is caused by both ending in 0 *T^-van in the nom. sing. 4 6 CONSONANT DECLENSION III go a. The i which is inserted before the ^ v in some of these participles is dropped before ^ us: thus 3 1tasth-i-van, but tasth-ds-a. b. The following examples of these stems' may be useful (cp. 157 ) : — KOM. SO. KOM. PL. ACC. PL. INSTE. PL. *in '•tha, rTf^RTO: cT^ra: rTfW 3 fW : ‘stand’ tasth-i-van tasth-i-vams-ab tasth-ds-ah tasth-i-vad-bhib •ft ni, faRfaTR 3 rj ‘ lead ’ nini-van / ninl-vams-ab niny-us-ab ninl-vdd-bhib *£bhu, WRRR rrrr: ‘be’ babhu-van babhu-vams-ab babhu-v-ds-ab babhu-vad-bbih <R. tan, ftfRjTR ftf^RR: ‘stretch’ ten-i-van ten-i-vams-ab ten-ds-ab ten-i-vdd-bhib WRhan, ^f^RTR W?: ‘ kill' jaghn-i-van jaghn-i-vams-ah jaghn-ds-ab jaghn-i-vdd-bhib *R gam, ^?