English
' man,’ has three forms, being lengthened in the strong stem to xpTT^ pdmams, shortened by syncope in the weakest to xj^pums, and iu the middle to XJJ^pum (with necessary loss of the ^s : cp. 28 and 16 a): 1 Probably an old compound, with the second part of which the Lat. mas, ‘ male,’ may be allied. Ill 97 IRREGULAR CHANGEABLE STEMS 55 N. sg. (cp. 89,1) V. pd m & n A. ptimams-am I. pums-a L. yRl puips-f N.V. pi. tprrcr ptimarps-ab a. 33: puqis-db 1. gfa: putn-bhfy L - HI pum-sti H. Stems ending in Vowels. 97. A. Stems in U a (masc. neut.) and HT a 1 (fem.)j— e-g- kan-ta 2 , ‘beloved’ (past participle of ^5*^ kam, ‘ !°ve ’)— Singular. KAfiC. KEUT. FEU. kanta-t kanta-m kanta Ab. ^ST*dH. kanta-m *RT%TT kantena 3 3TRTR1 kantaya ^ilVIlc^kantat 4 kSnta-sya 3 kante kanta kanta-m kanta-y-a 3 kanta-yai 5 ^TRrnVT: kanta-yih ^nvmn: kanta-yah kSnta-yam 3iT% kante 6 1 ’SR a=Gk. -or, -ov; Lat. -ns, -um. W a=Gk. -a, Lat. -a. ’ Certain adjectives in ah, 5, ^ am follow the pronominal declension (no). * These terminations originally came from the pronominal declension (no). i 4 This termination is preserved in the Lat. 8 for sd (e. g. Gnaivffd in inscriptions), and in the Greek (Cretio) adv. rw-fc, ‘ hence• 1 Th. termination. .yu (_ -y 5 - 6 ), -yih (=-ya-^), -,5m du. to the influence of the feminine. m -I (originally .,i) g . ndy, nadjsh nadyam (cp. ioo). 9 J •* • The voc. of TOT ambi, * mother.’ is TOT 5 6 VOWEL DECLENSION III 98 Dual. N.A.V. IrTt kantan flT^ kante kaute " ~ s,— I.D.Ab. 4>Irn^nHkanta*bhyam G.L. 41*141: kanta-y-ob Plural. MASC. NEUT. FEM. 4 ln 1 T* kantal? ^UnTTf^T kanta-n-i 2 cfTRTD k ^TnTR kantan 1 kanta-n-i k kantaih 3 kaute-bhyah H I*i kanta-n-am 2 kanta-bhih cfii<nl9: kanta-bbyab kanta-n-ar kanta-su i. kante-su 98. B. Stems in ^ i and ^ n (masc. fem. neut.);— suc-i, ‘ pure ’ ; mrd- ■d, ‘ soft - Singular. MASC. FEM. NEU1. MASC. FEM. NEUT. w w w siSci-1? srici-b sdc-i mrdd-b mrdu-b mj-du Wt w stici-m sdci-m sdc-i mrdd-m mrdu-m rnrdu 1 . JJ?T ^ OT" sdci-n-a sticy-a sdci-n-a mrdd-n-a mrdv-a mrdd-n-a 1 The ending was originally -an3 (cp. 36 B, foot-note 1), Goth. -ana. Gk. insc. -ovs. ^ 1 Due to the influence of the stems in an: niimani, Stmanam. * This termination is preserved in such Gk. datives as tirvon. Ill g8 57 STEMS IN A, A, I, U MASC. FEM. 7 ^ KEUT. Tfff MASC. tt* FEM. 7t NEUT. 7 # siic-ay-e sucy-ai 1 sdci-n-e inrd&v-e mrdv-Ai l mrdu-n-e Ab.G.*J%: ^n: Tfw 7 ft: 71^ suc-eb sucy-ah suci-n-ah myd-6b mrdv-ali • mrdd-n-ah • • L-7^ 7ft, Tiff suc-au 2 siicy-am siSci-n-i mrd-au mrdv-am mrdii-n-i v.q% M 7 ^ Tff 7 ft 7ft 71 slice sdee stici inf do nirdo mrdu Dual. X.A.V.T^t 7ft Tffft 71. 7T*t 8 del b'dcl siici-n-I mrdu • mrdu • mrdd-n-i • I. D. Ab. ^fWT^siki-bhyam |*^ mrdii-bhyam sficy-o^ sticy-oh suci-n-ob mrdv-61? mrdv-6b mrdii-n-ob Plural. 7^: 7^: e'ucay-ab b'ticay-ab s'ucl-n-i mrdav-ab mrdiv-ab mrdA-n-i A - TfK 7 ft: gftfSi 7^7 7f: 7^ stidn sdcik stici-n-i mrdun mrduh mrdu-n-i I. D.Ab. G. L. stid-bhife Wfa: mrdd-bhih *[fW: sdci-bhyab ^■41*11*1. sdcl-n-am 7^7 sdci-su Tff* mrdd-bhib 71r: rardti-bhyab V&nK mrdu-n-am mrdii-su 1 Pp* 97 loot-note 5. 3 This very anomalous ending, being the Vrddhi vowel of ^ u, not ^ * 8eeu)8 to be due to the influence of the stems in ^ u, the inflexion of which is entirely analogous. 58 VOWEL DECLENSION III 99 a. Neuter adjectives (not substantives) may be declined through¬ out (except N.V.A. of all numbers), and fern, adjectives and substantives in the D. Ab.G.L. sing., like masculines. Thus the L. sing, of mati, f. 'thought,’ is TOIJJ.matyam or wt matdu, but rrft vari, n. ‘ water,’ only Trtrftr varini. b. The voc. sing, of neuters may optionally follow the masc. form;—e.g. vari or vare; madhu or mddho. c. The feminine of adjectives in ^ u is sometimes also formed by adding $; Ie. g. cT^J tanti or tanv-i, f. ‘ thin ’; laghti or laghv-T, f. ‘ light ’; T|g prthti, f. ‘ broad,’ prthv-i, ‘ (the broad) earth.’ Irregularities. 99 * *• p^t-i (Gk. n 6 <ri-s), m. ‘ husband,’ is irregular in the weak cases of the singular: I. MftU paty-a, D. TOY pdty-e, Ab.G. p 4 ty-uh \ L. paty-au. When it means ‘lord,’ or occurs at the end of compounds, it is regular (like suci). The fern, is TOft patnl, ‘ wife ’ (Gk. worn a). 2. sdkh-i, m. ‘friend,’ has the same irregularities, but in addition has a strong stem formed with Vj-ddhi, *l<$U^sdkhay: N. sakha, A. 6&khay-am, I. HWT sakhy-a, D. sdkhy-e, Ab.G. sakhy-uh 1 , L. sdkhy-au, V. sdkhe; du. N.A.V. sdkhay-au; pi. N.V. WRY? sdkhay-ab, A. sdkhin. At the end of compounds sakhi is regular in the weak cases, but retains the stem iRgT^sakhiLy in the strong. The fern, is sakh-T. 3. The neuters dksi, ‘ eye,’ ^ff^SY dsthi, bone,’ dadhi, ‘ curds,’ 5 BfSRY sdkthi, ‘ thigh,’ form their weakest cases from stems in ^SR^an (^t^^aksan, &c., like ^TRT^naman): 1 This anomalous ending appears to be due to the influence of the Ab.G. in names of relationship (101) in r, like pitdr. Ill ioo IRREGULAR STEMS IN I AND U 59 V. ^ du. pi. dksi • dksi-n-I • dksl-n-i • • I. aksn-a • • dksi-bhyam aksi-bhib G. wu: WU K aksn-ib aksn-6b aksn-am • • 4. 2J dyti, f. * sky ’ (originally diu, weak grade of •sft’ dyo: 102 a), retains this stem before consonant terminations (taking Vrddhi in the N.V. sing.), but changes it to div before vowels:— SING. N. dyail-b (Zvr=Ajrvf) A. dfv-am PLTJB. N. div-ab A. div-ab I. IjfW dyd-bhib D.Ab. dyii-bhyab div-am L. SJ 1 J dyti-su I. f^T div-a D. div-6 Ab.G. f^r: div-fib (A ifit) L. div-f (At ft) V. sfc dy&u-h 1 (ZtO) IOO. C. Stems in t I and u (fem.), according as they are monosyllabic or polysyllabic, show various differences of inflexion:— x. Monosyllabic 6tems change ^land^fu to f^iy and ^uv before vowels, the polysyllabic stems to ^y and v. a. Monosyllabic stems have the normal terminations (71) throughout: they may take the special feminine terminations (-ai, - 5 b, - 5 m) 2 , polysyllabic stems must. 1 The nom. with voo. aocent, while the Greek has the proper voo. * These terminations started from the polysyllabio stems in ^ -I, originally TfJ -y 5 , which was fused with the normal endings TJ e and ^.as to $ -yai and *lT^-yaa, and, in the loc., with an ending V^-am (of unknown origin) to ^T^-ySm. 6o VOWEL DECLENSION III ioo 3. Monosyllabic steins use tbe 110m. (which lakes ^ s), poly¬ syllabic steins shorten the I and u of the nora., in the voc. sing. 4. Polysyllabic stems in have no ^ 8 in the noni. sing, except laksmih, ‘ goddess of prosperity, tantrlli, string,’ and optionally tandrl, ‘sloth.* 5. Polysyllabic stems form the acc. sing, in Im and ^TJ^uin, the acc. pi. in Is and 'dif^ us. Singular. Stem dhi, £ bin., nad-I vadh- ‘ thought’ ' earth ’ ‘river ’ * woman ’ n.v. vt: * N. dhi-b bhu-l.i nadi vadhu-h A. dhly-am bhuv-am nadi-m vadhu-m I. fWT WT ilhiy-a bhuv-a nady-a vadhv-a D. & •iff dhiy-i bhuv-e nady-ai vadliv-ai 1 Ab.G. ftra: w- ^rr: ^t: dhiy-dt bhuv-ab nady-ah vadhv-ah L. fafa dhiy-i bhuv-f nady-am vadhv-am nidi vadhu * The special feminine terminations in -ai, -as, -am are here, as in the a declension (97), due to the influence of the polysyllabic i declension. Ill IOO STEMS IN I AND U 61 Dual. K.V.A. dhiy-au bhtiv-au nadv-au vadhv-au I.D.Ab. vterr**. dhi-bhyam bhu-bhyam nadi-bhyam vadhu-bhyam g.l. gft: 5Rfr: *n4t: dhiy- 61 ; bhuv-oh nady-ol.i vadhv-6b Plural. N.V.A. fire: n.v. ^r: dlify-ali bhuv-ali nady-ab vadhv-ali A. nadil.i vadhuli 1 . vtfa: dhl-bhfh bhu-bhlb nadi-bhih vadhu-bhili D.Ab. dhl-bhydb bhu-bhydli nadi-bhyah vadku-bkyab g. ^ dhiy-am bhuv-am nadi-n-ara vadhu-a-am h. 33 dhl-sii • bliu-sti • nadi-su • vadhu-su • *' stn, f. woman,’ though monosyllabic, has most of the characteristics of polysyllabic stems in (ioo, 2-5): it must teke the special fem. terminations, it shortens its $; I in the voc., it has no ^s in the n orn., and has an optional acc. sing, in and acc. plur. in t^Ts. This is doubtless due to its originally having been a dissyllable. 62 VOWEL DECLENSION III IOI N. fitri A striy-am Istri-m I. striy-a D. striy-ai Ab.G. striy-ah L. striy-am V. strf N.V. f^ra: striy-ah f^ : strfy-a}; ' stri-h i. stri-bhffi D.Ab. strl-bhydb G. 4 <^U| \*{ strl-n-am L. stri-sd Dual. N.V. A. striy-au, I.D.Ab. strl-bbyam, g.l. f^ft: striy-6ft. IOI. D. Stems in ^0 r (masc. and fem.), which in origin are consonant stems in -ar, are closely analogous in their declension to stems in V<. -an (90). These nouns mostly end in the suffix rj -tj- (i.e. -tar, Gk. -rijp, -rap, Lat.-tor). They dis¬ tinguish a strong stem -tar or TTT^ -tar, a middle 3 and a weakest ^ tr. The inflexion of masc. and fem. differs in the acc. plur. only. In the strong stem the names of relations take the Guna form (ar), the names of agents take the Vrddhi form (ar). The sing. gen. is formed in'd^ ur, the loc. in ari, the voc. in ^n; ar; the pi. acc. masc. in fn, fem. in ^^fs, the gen. in rn&iDt Stem datr, m. ‘ giver ’ faTJ pitf, m. ‘ father ’ matr, /. ‘ mother ’ {bu>rf]p, dator) (irarrjp> pSter) (a* i 7 t ^ 7 P mSter ) Ill IOI CHANGEABLE STEMS IN R 6 3 N. ^I<11 data A. ^TTTK^datar-ara !