English
1016) catur-nam catasr-nam L. tri-sti (rpt-tri) tisf-su catdr-su catasf-su Ill 107 DECLENSION OP CARDINALS 71 106. a. TOrfs, ‘six’: N.A. ^ (27), I. irfj: sad-bhft, D.Ab.TOW sad-bhyfty, G. MQJI^san-nam (65), L.'q^j sat-sd. b. TO pdfica, ‘five,’ is declined like a neuter in V^an (90, 2) except in the gen., where it follows 4|i(t kanta:—N.A. TO pdflca, I. TO fa. pailci-bhib, D.Ab. TO^ paficd-bhyalj, G. TOTTOT paflca-n-am, L. TO^ P a 2 c£-su. The numerals for 7 to 10 are declined in exactly the same way. ’TO as#, however, has also the following alternative (older) forms:—N.A. TOt ast&u, I. TOTf*?: asta-bhfy, D.Ab. 'TOW: asta-bhyafr, L.TOTf: asta-sd \ c. The cardinals 3 to 19 are used as plural adjectives, agreeing with their substantives in number and case (3 and 4 in gender also). The cardinals from 20 to 99 (which are feminine), as well as Vjfl*^satam and TO^*^sabdsram, are used as singular sub¬ stantives, the accompanying substantive being either in the same case or in the genitive;—e.g. or satena dasibhify or daslnam, ‘ with a hundred female slaves.’ Ordinals. 107. The ordinals from ‘first’ to ‘tenth’ are formed with various suffixes: ff tha (for original 7 [ ta), if ma, H ya, iya, or a combination of the first with the second and fourth (!(JT tha-ma, iftv t-Iya); those from * eleventh ’ to * nineteenth * have the same form as the cardinals (excepting both inflexion like tfW kanta and change of accent); while those from ‘ twentieth * onward either abbreviate the cardinal or add the suffix TO tama 1 TOV and TOT a9# ( 6 kt 6 , Lat. octe, Gothic ahttfu) aw old dual forma, me a ning probably ‘the two tetrads’ (perhaps with reference to the fingers of the two hands). 72 ORDINALS III 107 to it. The feminine of all but ‘first’ to ‘fourth’ is formed with tl. 1 st JTORJ pra-thamdb, f* a. 2nd fspta: dvi-tiyafi, f. a (from an older dvi-td). 3rd tr-tiyab,f.a (Lat. ter-tiuB). 4 tli catur-thdb, f. 1 (r<- rap-Tor, quar-tus); tur-iyab, f. a (for k-tur-Iya); tl* tur-yab, f. a (for k-tur-ya). 5 th paflca-mdb> f-£ 6 th TO: sas-thab (sex-tus). 7 th 5JP1J sapta-mdb (septir mus). 8 th 'tlgff* asja-mdb. 9 th W*i: nava-mab* 10th ^IJR: dasa-mdb (<feci- mus). nth ekadasdl?* navadaedb* RIRphi: unavirpsab- Phi: viqis'ab. vimsati-ta- mdb- 19th 20 th 30th- fftsr: triqiadh. 40th trirosat-tamdb- vmfw: catvarimsdh. RJ catvarim- sat-tamab- TOTR! paflcas'db. RRT^ItIR: paflcasat-ta- mdb. 6o'.h RfSRR: sasti-tamab. 6ist eka-sastdb. 70th RjrfRTTR: saptati-ta¬ in ab- TJRRjrfRTTR.* ekasapta- ti-tamab. TO5RRR: eka-saptatab RlftfRRRJ asiti-tamah. ! TIRTRWrRR: ekasiti- tamab. ;RRT1Rr: ekaatab RRfRTTR: navati-tamab- eka-nava- ti-tamab- URiRRRI eka-navatab- JjfldRI Sita-tamdb 71st - 81st 91st Ill 109 NUMERAL DERIVATIVES 73 Numeral Adverbs and other Derivatives. 108. a. Multiplicative adverbs:— sa-kffc, ‘once’ (lit. ‘one making’); dvf-h, ‘twice ’ (Gk. d-t, Lat. bi-s); fa: tri-b, ‘thrice’ (Gk. rpis, Lat.tri-s); ^J. r catiib,' four times ’ (for cattir-s); paflca-krtvab, five times ’ (lit. ‘ five makings ’); sat-krtvdb, * six times ’; &c. b. Adverbs of manner : —eka-dha, * in one way * ; f^IT dvi-dha or dve-dha, ‘in two ways’; fa\n trf-dha or tre-dha, ‘in three ways’; ^ 7 [^T catur-dha, ‘in four ways’; PWT paflca-dha, ‘in five ways’; xffgT eo-dha, ‘in six ways* (cp. 104, foot-note3); ^TVTsap'.a-dha, ‘in seven ways’; a ? ta-dha, ‘ in eight ways ’; &c. c. Distributive adverbs eka-sab, ‘singly*; f^J dvi-fcab, ‘in pairs’; faty tri-sab, ‘in threes’; pafica-aab, ‘ by fives’; &c. d. Aggregative noun*:— dvay-d, adj.‘twofold’; u. ‘a pair’; ^ tray-6, adj., f. -£ ‘threefold’; n., 1. f., and faTJ* tri-taya, n. ‘tria d’; citus-taya, adj. ‘fourfold’; n. tetrad’; mnq pafica-taya, adj. ‘fivefold’; asta-taya; adj. ‘eightfold’; n. ‘ogdoad’; ddaa-taya, adj. ‘tenfold’• n. ‘ decade ’; &c. PRONOUN8L l0 9 * A. Personal Pronouns. Stem (in composition) Stem (in composition) ^ mad (sing.) and ^RR^T tvad (sing.) and asmad (plur.) yusmad (plur.) Singular. N. ^I^ahdm, ‘1’ ^tv-dm, ‘thou’ A. m^marn/me* ^tvam,‘thee’ 74 PERSONAL PRONOUNS III 109 I. W m£-y-a, ‘ by me ’ tvfl-y-a, ‘ by thee* D. R $*(m 4 -liyam (mihi)/to me’ tti-bhyam (tfbi)/to thee’ Ab. mAd, ‘ from me * <ST^[ tvAd, 4 from thee ’ G. *TR ma-ma, 4 of me tdva, ‘ of thee * l. ma-y-i, ‘in me’ tvi-y-i, 4 in thee ’ Dual. N. A. ^iqi^avam, 4 we or us two ’ tjqi*^ yuvam, 4 ye or you two ’ I.D.Ab. ava-bbyam, 4 by, ^TWT^ yuva-bhyam, 4 by, to, to, or from us two ’ or from you two ’ G.L. av6-y-ob, ‘of or in yuv6-y-ob, of or in you us two’ two’ Plural. N. vay-dm, ‘ we ’ A. as man, 4 us ’ 1. wfii: asraa-bhib, ‘ by us * D. 1 Hfl* 4 ^asmA-bbyain,‘to us’ Ab. asmAd, ‘ from us ’ G. nqGq^asmAka-m 2 , ‘of us’ L. WTCJ asmA-su, 4 in us ’ yu-y-dm \ ‘ye’ l^yusman, ‘ you ’ yusmA-bhib, ‘ by you ’ ^pjpjf^yusma-bhyam, ‘to you ’ yusmAd, 4 from you ’ yusmAka-m 2 , ‘ of you ’ <jc>h Itf yusmA-su, 4 in you ’ x Changed from original ytts-£m by the influence of qq*i, vay-am. * These are properly not genitives at all, but neuter singulars of possessive adjectives, meaning ‘ belonging to us, our,’ ‘belonging to you, your,’ which have come to be used as genitives. Similarly in German, a case of possessive pronouns, mein, dein, sein, came to be employed m the gen. of personal pronouns. Ill IIO DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 75 a. The following unaccented forms, which are not allowed at the beginning of a sentence, are also used: Sing. A. *TT ma, tva; D.G. % me te (rot). Dual. A.D.G. nau (Gk. vui), TO.vara. Plur. A.D.G. if: nah (Lat. nos), V afc (Lat. vos). B. Demonstrative Pronouns, no. The stem ta (in composition ^ ta-d), * that ’ (also = he, she, it ’), may be taken as the type of the pronominal declension:— Singular. MA 8 C. KZUT. m. N. M: sAh 1 ta-d BT sa A. ?U|tA-d m^tam I. fa t^na TOT tA-ya D. tA-smai Ab. ITOT^td-smat tA-sya 2 * 4 L * td-smin Plural. lUSC. KEXrr. FEX. ft tA (TO,*) HTfft tani BT: tab TOT tan cTrfft tani TO tab ft: Wit (rotp) mfv: ta-bhib ftW t£-bhyab ta-bkyat faln,tA-sam 3 fllGl^ta-sam td-syai TOT: td-syah TOT^tA-syam ftgtd-su TTT^ta-su Dual. N.A.m. tAu, f. ft tA, n. ft 1A. I.D.Ab.m.f. n. TO?T*T ta-bhyam; G.L. fat: td-y-ol?. s. A compound of 71 ta, ‘ that/ is U?f e-ti, ' this/ It is declined exactly like the former: Sing. N. TO esA-b (48,67), TO esa, Ttfl^ etS-d; A.TOT. etA-m, TOR.et^-m, etA-d, &c. 1 Cp. 48; sd, sa, ta*d=Gk. 6, 76, Gothio sa, s 5 , that-a (Engl, that, lat. is-tud). 1 Horn. Gk. to to (for riojp). * Lat. is-tOrum. 4 lat. U-tirum, Gk. r&w (for too on). 76 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS III in in. Both the pronominal roots ^ a and ^ i (which here in some cases show a double inflexion) are employed in the declen¬ sion of a-y-am, ‘ this ’ (indefinitely):— SlNOULAB. masc. hbut. fem. N. a-y-am i-d-^m ^T^i-y-dm A. f^i-m -dm i-d-am |*^i-m-am I. V*H an-ena an-£ya D. a-sm&i a-sydi Ab. a-smat VWl- a-syafo G. a-sy& L. a-6mfn a-syam Plural. masc. heut. FEK. N. A. i-m-^ ] ^ x . x knfri-m4ni VTPl. i-m-an ) fjni i-m-ah ,^5RTI i-m-ifo I. HfifJ e-bhft ^UT^TJ a-bhfh D.Ali e-bbydfc WU a-bhyah G. e-sum a-sam L. Tjg e-fu wg a-sti Dual. N.A. m. i-m-dn, f. i-m-£, n. i-m-£ I.D.Ab.m.f.n. ^iHjl^a-bhyam; G.L. vret: an-4yoh. Til 112 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 77 112 . The demonstrative pronoun, which in the nom. sing, has the curious form m. f. a-s-4u, n. a-d-ds, meaning that,’ yon,’ employs in the rest of its declension the stem a-nMi, for which a^m-u is substituted in the fem. plur. (also acc. sing, and partly in dual) and a-m-i in the masc. plur. (except the acc.). Singular. MASC . JTEVT . TO. N. % 0 > i a-s-iu A. e TO a-d-db ' ■*t*J*t, a-m-d-m j ^ ^rgj^a-m-u-m I. H^IT amd-n-a 'iqm amti-y-a D. amd-smai amd-syai Ab. amd-smat) G. amd-sya J amd-syab L. amd-smin amd-syam Plural. masc. aruT. FEM. N. A. 'Wtftamt ]_ , __ X f amuni ^nj^amunj * amu-b Vj](! amu-b I. ami-bhib amu-bhib D.Ah. amf-bbyab amu-bhyab G. L. ami-su Dual. amu-sam 'm amu-su N.A.m.f.n.^amu; I.D.Ab. ^J^amu-bhyam; G.L. amd-y-ob. 78 INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS III 1 a. The unaccented defective pronoun of the third person, Ipf ena ('he, she, it’), is declined in the A. of all numbers, I. sg„ and G.L. dual: A. ipi^ena-m, T^TP^ena-m, e na-d. enau, Tpt ene, ene; T^TR. ena-n, T^TT: ena-h, TptTfa euani; T. 6 g. enena, f. ena-y-a; G.L. du. ipRft: ena-y-ol?. C. Interrogative Pronoun. 113. The stem of the interrogative pronoun ka, ‘ who, which, what?’ is inflected exactly like <T ta, excepting that the N.A. neuter is kf-m e.g. N. W. kdl?, Z*T ka, fa*^ kirn; plur. ^ ke, kali, ^iTfa kani. L. sg. kd-smin, f. ka-syam ; pi. k£-su, f. ^THJ ka-su. a. In derivation the stems fa ki and ku, as well as ka, are used;—e. g. ki-y-at, ‘how great ? ’ ku-tra, ‘ where?’ ka-da, ‘ when ? ’ As the first member of a compound fa*^ kirn is generally employed, sometimes J ku : faf^JJ kirp-rupa, adj. of what form?’ ku-karman, n. (‘what kind of’=) ‘wicked deed.’ D. Relative Pronoun. 114. The stem of the relative pronoun ya, ‘who,’ ‘which,’ is declined exactly like cT ta:- SIKO. PLUR. n. *TT % *n: yd-l? j. ya yd-d yah yani A. ^ *5 *rr: yd-m ya-m yd-d yan yah yani D. yd-smai yd-syai yd-smai y^-bhyah ya-bhyah yd-bhyah Ill 117 REFLEXIVE AND POSSESSIVE PKONOUNS 79 E. Reflexive Pronouns. n 5* e. sva-y-dm, ‘ self,’ is indeclinable (originally a nom. sing, like a-y-dm).