English
It may express any person or num¬ ber (e. g. 4 myself,’ ‘ himself,’ ‘ yourselves ’). It usually has the meaning of a nominative, but often of an instrumental, and some¬ times of a genitive. It frequently also means * spontaneously.’ b. atmdn, ‘ self,’ is a masc. substantive (declined like brahman, 90, 3). It is used in the singular as a reflexive pronoun of all persons and genders. c. svdfc, sva, < 3 *^svdm (Lat. suus), ‘ own,* is a reflexive adjective (declined like sarva, 1206) referring to all three persons and numbers (‘ my, thy, his, our, your, their own ’). It is also used (like TRUP^atman) in the oblique cases as a reflexive pro¬ noun ; e.g. ^ svarp nindanti,' they blame themselves.’ d' ni-ja, properly an adjective meaning ‘ inborn,’ 1 native,’ is often used in the sensfeofa pronominal reflexive adjective (like ^ sva). T. Possessive Pronouns. n6. Possessives are formed with the suffix lya, from the stems of the personal pronouns mad, *1 tvad, &c.: mad-iya,* my,’tvadjya, ‘thy’; asmad-Iya,* our,’ yusmad-Iya, * your ’ j tad-Iya, 4 his, her, its, their.* . With the suffix ka are formed from the genitives TH 7 mama and tava, mama-kd, 4 my,* and rTT*f8R tava-ka, th y ( C P‘ Lo 9 foot-note 2); from bhavat, 4 your Honour,* ^Vm bhavat-ka, 4 your.* G. Compound Pronouns. n 7 By adding ^ drs, drs'a, or drksa, to certain pronominal stems, the following compound pronouns have been formed :- 7 TTf^ la-dfe, <TT1V ta-dfea, TTTfX ta-drksa, 'such ’ 8o COMPOUND PRONOUNS III 118 (lit. of that look*); ^ 1 ^^ya-dfs, ya-drsa, ‘what like,’ ‘ of what kind ’; I-drs, I-drs'a, i-drksa, ‘ such ’; kl-dfs,kl-dfsa/ what like ? ma-drs'a, ‘like me,’ tva-drsa, ‘like thee.’ a. The fe min i n e stem of the compounds in T\ dre is the same as the masc. and neut.;—e. g. nom. sing. m.f. n. tadrk; that of the compounds in drsa is formed with ^1;— o.g. tadrs'I; of those in drksa with ^ 1 T a;—e.g. fTT^^T ladrksa. Il 8 . By adding ^ 7 ^ vat and yat to certain pronominal stems, the following compounds, implying quantity, have been formed:—TTP^ta-vat and Ufl^c^eta-vat, *60 much*; ya-vat, ‘as much’; i-yat, ‘so much,’ ki-yat, ‘how much ? ’ These are all declined like nouns in ^c^vat ( 86 ), and form their feminines in the same way (rltqrf) tavat-I, iyat-T, &c.). a. ^ifTf ka-ti, ‘how many?* (Lat. quot), cff?f td-ti, ‘so many’ (Lat. toti-dem). ^f?T yd-ti, ‘ as many,’ are uninflected in the N.A., but in the other cases are declined like suci (98) in the plural. ng. The interrogative ka, by the addition of f^.cit, rana, or api, is changed to an indeflnite pronoun, ‘some,’ ‘some one’: kas cit, ka cit, fqiRr^ kiip cit; kas' cana, ka cana, fqrq1kira cana; ko ’pi, *K 1 (m kapi, RpflfTT kim api. a. In the same maoner indefinite adverbs are formed: ka-da, ‘when?’ kada cit, kada cana, some time or other,’‘once’; SR kva, ‘where?’ fcjhlfa na kvapi, not anywhere,* ‘ nowhere.’ b. The relative preceding the interrogative renders it indefinite : yat kat, ‘ whosoever ’; *0^ yasya kasya, of whom- Ill 120 PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES 8l soever.’ Similarly ^rf^Jr^yalji kascit, -StJ yalj kasca, or 1^*1 yah kascana, ‘ whosoever.’ c. The relative pronoun, if doubled, assumes a distributive meaning: yo yalj. ‘whoever, whatever in each case’ (fol¬ lowed by a double correlative). H. Pronominal Adjectives. 120. Several adjectives derived from, or allied in meaning to, pronouns, follow the pronominal declension (like rf ta) either altogether or in part. a. anyd, ‘other,’ anya-tard, ‘either,’ ^cPC i-tara, other,’ ka-tard, ‘ which of two?’ ka-tamd, ‘ which of many?’ eka-tama, ‘ one (of many),’ follow the pronominal declension throughout, taking ^ d in the N.V.A. sing, neut.; anyd-fo, anya, anyd-d (cp. Lat. aliu-d); D. anyd-sruai, f.TRT^anyd-syai, L. ^^rffR^anyd-smin; &c. b. ^ sdrva, ‘ every,’ ‘ all,’ ubhd-ya, ‘ both ’ (sg. and pi.) 1 , T^R 6ka, ‘ one ’ (105),^^^ eka-tara, ‘ either,’ differ only in taking *^m instead of ^ d in the N. A. sing, neut.;—e.g. sdrva-fc, sdrva, *I$J^drva-m; D. sdrva-smai, Ab. sdrva-smat, G. sdrva-sya, L. sdrva-smin; pi. N. sdrve, *4 t: sdrval?, sdrvani. c. ^ purva, ‘prior,’ ‘east,’ dva-ra, ‘posterior,’ ‘ west,’ wtr: ddha-ra, inferior,* * west,’ tit-tara, ‘ subsequent,’ north,’ ddksina, ‘ south,* pdra, ‘ subsequent,’ ‘ other,’ ^ dpa-ra, ‘ other,’ ‘ inferior,’ dnta-ra, ‘ outer,’ ^ svd, ‘own,’ besides necessarily taking in the N.A. sing, neut., may follow the nominal declension in the Ab. L. sing. m. n. and 1 But- ubhd, ‘both,’ is declined in the dual kauta). only (like ^TnT 0 82 PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES IV 121 intheN. plur. raasc. ;-e. g. N. A. n. piirva-m; Ab. m. n. ^ P“™-™at or pdrvat; L. pdrva-smin or purve; N. pi. m. purve or purvafc. d. ^ ard ha, ' half,’ ^ dlpa, ‘ Uttle,’ qr ffrm kati-payrf, * S ° m ^* pra-tharaa, ‘ first,’ cara-m6, ‘ last,’ ^ dva-va aud dvf-taya, twofold ’ (and similar words in ya and 7 RI taya), are inflected like ordinary adjectives, except that they may fol low the pronominal declension in the N. pi. maac.;-e.g. caramal? or caraml. e * dvitiya, second,’and rjrflej trtiya, * third ,’may follow the pronominal declension throughout the oblique cases of the singulare. g. D. m.n. TpfarTO trtiyaya or trtiya-smai; L. f. gfllqiqin trtfya-yam or trtiya-sy 5 m; but N. pi. m. only trtfyah- f. Any of these pronominal words occurring at the end of pos¬ sessive compounds (189) are declined like ordinary adjectives. CHAPTER IV CONJUGATION 121 . Sanskrit verbs are inflected with either active or middle terminations. The active voice is called Farasmai-pada, i.e. transitive (lit. ‘word for another’). The middle voice is called Atmane-pada, i.e. reflexive (lit. ‘word for oneself’). The passive takes the terminations of the Atmanepada; with which it coincides except in the present and imperfect (where it forms its stem with the suffix ^ ya), and in the third sing, aorist. a. The Sanskrit verb has in each tense and mood three numbers, Singular, Dual, and Plural, with three persons in each. IV 124 CONJUGATION 83 122. There are in Sanskrit five tenses conjugated in the indicative: I. Present (with imperative and optative moods); 2. Imperfect; 3. Perfect; 4. Aorist (with a kind of optative called Benedictive or Precative); 5. Future (with the Conditional, a kind of past future). There are also participles connected with three of these tenses, present, perfect, and future ; and one infinitive (167), a verbal noun unconnected with any tense. a. Classical Sanskrit has neither a pluperfect tense nor a sub¬ junctive mood (excepting the survivals of it in the first persons imperative); nor has it an imperative or a proper optative of any tense except the present. There are, therefore, far fewer verbal forms in non-Vedic Sanskrit than in Greek. The Present System. 123. While the perfect, aorist, and future tenses add the terminations directly (or after inserting a sibilant) to the root, the present group (the present witli its moods and the imperfect) forms a special stem, which is made in ten different ways. Hence the native Sanskrit grammarians have divided all verbs into ten classes. The tenth class, which is really a secondary formation, retains its present stem in nearly all the other verbal forms also, as do the secondary verbs generally (causatives, desideratives, intensives, denominatives). The Ten Classes. 124. The ten classes are divided into two conjugations. In the first, comprising the first, fourth, sixth, and tenth classes, the present stem ends in Ua, and remains unchanged throughout. In the second conjugation, which comprises all the re¬ maining classes, the terminations are added directly to the final 8 4 FIRST CONJUGATION IV ,2 5 Of the root or to tbesuffixes * ^nu.^T „a, (ttft nl, H n),and the present stem is changeable, being either strong or weak. A. First Conjugation. 125. 1. The first or Bhu class adds If a to the last letter of the root, which, being accented, takes Guna of a final vowel (short or long) and of a short medial vowel followed by one consonant; — e. g. ^ bhu, ‘ be,’ forms the present stem ^ bhdv-a; budh, ‘ know’: ^f*f b6dh-a. a. The sixth, or Tud class adds an accented If a to the root, which (being unaccented) has no Guna. Before this If d final ^ f changes to ^ ir. Thus tud, ‘strike’: rtf' tud-a: kr, ‘scatter’ : kir-d. 3. The fourth or Div class adds ^f ya to the last letter of the root, which is accented (but the weak form in some cases assumed by the root points to the ^f ya having originally been accented);—e.g. ^ nah, ‘bind’: ?f^f ndh-ya; f^T v div, ‘ play ’: dfv-ya (133 B). 4. The tenth or Cur class adds the suffix ^Rf dya, before which a final vowel takes Vrddhi, but a short medial vowel followed by one consonant takes Guna;—e.g. cur, ‘steal’: ^ ^ cor-dya. Short medial ^f a followed by one consonant is in most cases lengthened;— e.g. ^kam: ^IT<ff 4 f kam-aya, ‘ desire.’ B. Second Conjugation. 126. The strong forms are— 1. the singular present and imperfect active; 2. all first persons imperative active and middle ; 3. the third person singular imperative active. In these forms the vowel of the root or the affix, being accented, is strengthened ; while in the weak forms it becomes short because the terminations are accented. IV 12 7 SECOND CONJUGATION 85 a. In the ninth class the accented form of the affix is TT na, the unaccented nl or *^n; in the seventh they are respec- tively nd and I2 7 * I# The 86Cond or Ad class adds the terminations directly to the root, which in the strong forms takes Guna if possible ( 125 . 1 );—e.g. ^ ad, ‘ eat ’: sing, *d-rai, dt-si, 3 - dt-ti; T i, ‘ go ’ = d-mi, Tjfa 6-ai, Vfii 6-ti j fWf lih, ‘Hck’: %% 16 h-mi, lA-si (69a), %f| 16 -£hi (696)." s.