English
• datr-i 4 D. ^T% datr-£ G * L. d&t V.^TT datai SINGULAR. fnctl pita pit&r-am f*RT pitr-a pitr-6 fM<J^ pit-dr pit-4ri (tto fMd^ pftar (Ju-pi Dual. M\rU mata mat4r-am *TRT matr-a matr-£ mat- dr mat-ari *m% matar (pyrrp) d5t ^ r - OT 1 | piMr-au | | maMr-an ] jP-Ab. -tf-bhy5m f^HTTn-tr-bh ? am PTffgTp -tr-hhyam 0.1. Uft: datr-61, pitr-6*. ^ft; mitI . 6h datar-ab ^Ifl(qi*^d 5 tr-n x ^ 1^3 datf-su Plural. *: pit4r-ab fi g fa: pitf-bhilj f^: pitf-bhyal? pitf-su TOTT: matdr-ab *”1 PTgfp: matf-bhi^ I ^ ig*^ matf-bhyab ’Hlg'Ui+t. maty-n-am ^103 matf-su 64 VOWEL DECLENSION III 102 rniptr and bhartr, though names of relations, fol¬ low ^T<J datr, taking the Vrddhi form in the strong stem : acc. sing. •THTT^l. n,1ptar-am, *1^14+1bhartar-am; also svasr, f. ‘sister’: acc. sing. 4H svdsar-am, but acc. pi. svdsih. • • b. nr, m. ‘man’ (Gk. a-vrjp), takes the Guna form in the strong stem; the gen. pi. is nrnam as well as nrniim; the I. D.Ab.G. sing, are not found in classical Sanskrit (but the D. and G. in the Rig-veda are nar-e, nar-alj);— N. *TT no, A. •T^^ndr-am, L. nar-i (Ep. Gk. a-vep-i). X. pi. T^* ndr-all (Ep. Gk. a-vtp-a), A. ^p^nrn, I. nf-bhili. I.. nr-su. c. IfrtH kros-tf, m. ‘ jackal ’ (lit. ‘ Teller ’). substitutes krostu in the middle cases : X. pi. kros^ir-al;, I. pi. tfTljfiTI krostu-bhi(i. d. Stems in g tr, if declined in the neuter, would be inflected like tho neut. of suci: X.A. sing. dhiitr, du. dhatr-n-I, pi. dhatr-n-i; I. sing. * 41 <jUlT dhatr-n-S, pi. vrrgf^r: dhatr-bhih. e. Feminine agent mums are formed from masculines in ^ tr by the suffix : masc. ^I<j datr, fern. ^1 ^ datr-T, giver (declined like nadl). E. Stems in ^ ai, o, ^ an. 102 . Tho only stoms in diphthongs are ^ rai, m. wealth, ?fT go, in. f. ‘ bull, cow,’ 3 ft dyo, f. ‘ sky,’ and nau, f. ‘ ship.’ \ rai changes the f i of tho diphthong to \y before vowels, but drops it before consonants, g° i n t* 10 strong cases, takes Vrddhi and becomes gau, which is shortened to *TT ga in the acc. sing, and pi. The ab. gen. has a contracted fonn (os for av-as). Ill 102 STEMS IN DIPHTHONGS 65 These stems form a transition between the consonant and vowel declension: they agree with the former in taking the normal endings; with the latter in adding ^s in the nom. sing, and in showing a vowel before endings with initial consonant:— n.v. tt: Singular. ’ft: ra-h (Lat. re-s) gau-b (£of?) n£u-b (ww) A. ray-am ga-m nav-am (frjfa) I. TTOT *RT *trt ray-a g£v-a nav-a D. *rr% ray-6 (re-I) gfiv-e nav-d Ab.G. *tr: ray-^h go-b nav-4b ("IF**) L. XTfV ’rrfa ray-f g$v-i nSv-i (vrjFi) N.A.V.TPfr Dual. arnft ray-au gav-au nav-au I.D.Ab.^TOT^ *ffaTTH ’ftrfx ra-bhyam g6-bhyam nau-bhyam ’pft: wrtt: ruy-6b giv-ob nav-6b N.y. rjq: Plural. ^rnf: tr: ray-ab gav-ab nav-ab (rfF**) A. TTO *it: *tr: ray-^b nav-ab ( v nF a s) v 66 VOWEL DECLENSION III 103 1. TTft: ra-bhfl? D.Ab. ra-bhy&b (re-bus) G. ray-am l.tti ra-siS jfrfa: go-bhiti g<$-bhyaly g 4 v-am (/ 3 owv) g6-su irtfa: nau-bhf^ (vav-<f) 1) ’ftor: nau-bhyah nav-am (vtjfov) nau-sti (vavat) a. dyo, ‘ sky,* is declined like go; the nom. sing, is the same as that of dyu (99, 4) ; in the dual and plur. the strong forms alone occur:—N. dy&ub (Ztvs), A. <UI*^dyam (Lat. diem), D. 31 % dyav-e, Ab.G. dydh, L. 'ijfa dydv-i; Dual N.A. 3 n*ft dyav-au, N. pi. 3 TTO dyav-ah. Degrees of Comparison. 103. 1. The secondary suffix of the comparative ° 7 T^ -tw® (Gk. -r(po) and that of the superlative ° 7 nT -tama (Lat. -timo) are added to the weak or middle stem of derivative adjectives (and even substantives);—e. g. suci: A suci-tara, ^jf% 7 T*T suci-tama; prac: IHHiT prak-tara, 1TPIW prak- tama; V^fif^dhanin : \rf 9 RTT dhani-tara, dhani-tama; fa^^vidvas: fa^*rH v *dvat-tara, vidvat-tama; pratyac: UIinJT pratyak-tara, pratyak-tama. a. These suffixes form their feminine in W a; but cfR tama, when used as an ordinal suffix, forms its fem. in t I (cp. 107). 2. The primary suffix of the comparative, (Gk. -t o)v, Lat. -ior), and that of the superlative, is^ha (Gk. -t<rro), are added to the root, which generally takes Guna (and is accented). Before them every word must be reduced to one syl lable by dropping suffixes;—e.g. 6n-ii, ‘minute’: 6n-Iyas, Ill 104 DEGREES OF COMPARISON 67 &n-istha; gur-ti 1 , ‘ heavy ’: gir-iyas, gAr-istha; ^ lagh-d, ‘light’: <stTlq^ligh-Iyas, ligh- istha (Gk. e-Xa^-orrof); ^ du-ri, ‘ far *: dav-Iyas ; vir-a, ‘choice*: q^)qt^ vir-Iyas, ‘better*; ksud-ra, ‘mean’: ksdd-Iyas; jqn, yu-van, ‘young’: <qta^ yiv-Iyas; fc^hras-va,‘short’: gtTlqt^hras-Iyas; with irregular radical syllable : dirgh- 6 , * long’: 5 ^ dragh-Iyas ; bah-u-14, ‘ abundant *: ifteK bimh-iyas. a. In some cases ^ER^yas is attached (instead of ^IR^Iyas);— e- g- n^. jya-yas, ‘ superior,’ Site jy^ftha (root SUT jya); bhu-yas, ‘more,’ bhu-y-istha (root bhu); prd-yaa, ‘ dearer,’ ite pr^-s^ha (root ift prl); sre'-yas, ‘ better’ (Gk. Kptiov), erd-stfia; sthi-ri, ‘firm’: sthd-yas. ft. Some comparatives and superlatives belong only in sense to their positives;—e. g.*^qt^n&UIyas, %f^ ndd-is$ha, ‘ nearest,’ to antiki, ‘near* ; kin-Iyas, ‘lesser,’ k^n-istha, least,’ to ilpa, ‘ small virs-Iyas, ‘ older,’ vdrs-istha,' oldest,’ to ^ vrddhd, ‘ old.* VUXEBAL8. 104. Cardinals. 1 2 3 S TRR 4-ka. * ^dvi a . * f* trf (Gk. rpt-, Lat. tri-). 4 8 catiir (quatuor) 5 M p^flca (ttcw), 6 § ^ si? (sex). 7 ^ saptd (rr<*). ‘ By Msimilation for original gar-d, cp. Gk. pap-v-s, Lat. grftv-i-s, Aa first member of a compound f* dvi. 68 NUMERALS III ro 4 8 C asti ( 6 kt 6 ). 9 0 ndva (novem). 10 90 dasa (6Ua). 11 99 £ka-dasa. 12 99 dva-dasa 1 ( &tKa). r 3 l^t^3T tr4yo-das 14 98 c£tnr-dasa. 15 ^M pafica-dasa. 16 9$ 91^11 sddasa 3 . 17 sapti-dasa. 18 9 C ireT^lJ asta-dasa. 19 90. *T1^3T niva-daaa. una-^ s'ati. 20 9O fq 3 |fd vimsatf(vigi 21 99 eka-vimi 22 99 ^Tf^arf^r dva-virps 23 9$ -iflte'nft trdyo- s'ati 2 . 28 9C asta-' sati. 29 90 . 4 4 fa'?! Id ndva-’ sati. una-trim 30 $0 RU|c^ trimsat. 39 $0. *rif^n4va-trim. sat. una- 40 80 49 80. catvarirpsat. catva- rims£t 4 . catvarims'at. ^J?nreT 3 pl. 5 n a -pafi caaat. TreT 3 I^ pailca-s 4 t. ifS sas-tf. Stff?T sapta-tf. inftfd asitf. gnTtfff dvy-asiti. nava-tf. wft naval 1. IpT^satam(centum) eka-s'atam. TFTfali 3 IcT^eka- dhikam s'atam. dvf-satam. glfali 3 IcT^ dvy- adhikam s'atam. 50 MO 60 $0 70 '©O 80 CO 8a c^ 90 0.0 96 100 900 101 909 102 909 1 Here ^[T dva is an old dual: ‘ two (and) ten. a Trayo for trayah (45, 2) is the nom. plor. (105). * For s^s-dasa, through sdz-daia (cp. 69 b, foot-note 2). * Catvarim for catvari (105), neut. plur., like trim- 4 at. Ill 104 NUMERALS 103 W? f^Htri-satam. try- adhikam aatam. 110 ^0 ddsa-s'a- tam. 3 FTR da- sadhikaip aatam. 200 ^00 dve sate. fw*t, dvi-satdm. 300 $00 4 ) fill Wf^T trini satani. tri-satdm. 1000 SOOO ^1 dasa satani. sah&sram. 100,000 t*T^J laksd (lakh). 1,000,000 f^TCpT^niyutam. 10,000,000 k6fi (crore). a. In order to form the numbers from 20 to 100 not enumerated above, it is only necessary to remember that 2, 3, and 8 are *T dva (ivo>), ^*1! trayafr (r/xtr), and HEt as^a (oicrw) before 20 nd 30 (^nm. dva-triipsat, 4*1fiji*1<Vtr&yas-trirasat, ^TET - Nn* asja-triips'at), and dvi, ft tri, as$a before 80; both forms may be used with 40, 50, 60, 70, and 90. b. The alternative designations of 19, 29, &c. are formed with the old past participle u-na, ‘ diminished *;—e.g. una-viipsati, * twenty diminished (by one).’ By prefixing the necessary cardinal to this participle, other alternatives may be formede. g. ^ 4 Rn<vtry-una-triipsat, ‘ thirty diminished by three,’ i.e. 27. c. Similarly alternatives to 101,102, &c. are formed by means of the adjective adhi-ka, ‘exceeding,* ‘plus’;—e.g.grfVqi Hn^dvy-adbikarp s'atara, ‘a hundred exceeded by two.* d. The difference of sense in dvi-satam, Iri-satam, &c. is only to be distinguished by the accent, these compounds meaning 10a, 103, &c. ( when accented on the first member, but 200, 300, &c., when accented on the last. 70 DECLENSION OF CARDINALS HI 105 Declension of Cardinals. I05. Only the first four cardinals distinguish the genders. 1. T&i: <&ah, TF*T eka, V<n*^ekam, following the declension of the pronominal adjectives, is inflected like sarva (1206). 2. dvi, two,’ is declined like the dual of kanta : N.A. m. ^ dvau, f.^ dve, n. \ dve; I.D.Ab. dva- bbyam, G.L. dv 3 -y-oh. 3. f* tri, in the masc. and neut., is declined like the plural °f suc-i, except in the gen., which is formed as if from traya (the regular form | (01 *t.tn-n-am is found in the Rig-veda). Its fem. 6tem is tier, the inflexion of which differs in the N.A.G. from that of the regular stems in r. 4- ^ cattir, ‘ four,’ in the masc. and neut., has the strong stem catvar (cp. quatuor). The G.pl., though the stem ends in a consonant, inserts *^n before the ending (like ^ sat). The feminine stem is ^ 3 RRJ catasr, which is inflected exactly like fTO tisf. MASC. NEUT. FEM, MASC. NEUT. FEM. N.V. fire: wi: -nmfx tray-ab tnni tisr-ah • JL * . 1 . catvar-agi catvar-i cdtaar-ah A. f?rer: trin tnni • tisr-ah • catiir-ab catvar-i catasr-ah I. War: firefi?: tri-bhflj tisf-bhih catur-bhih • catasr-bhifo D.Ab. fw: f?rw: tri-bhyab tisf-bhyafo cattir-bhyafo catasf-bhyah G. wunn fnwni trayanam tisr-nam(cp.