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SECOND CONJUGATION IV 132 Imperative. IV 132 THIRD CLASS 97 Fifth Class : ^ s, ‘ press out ’: Present stem 98 SECOND CONJUGATION IV 132 Imperative. IV 132 FIFTH CLASS 99 N IOO SECOND CONJUGATION IV 132 Imperative. iv 132 SEVENTH CLASS IOI Ninth Class: ^ • ^ ^ ^ ^ wfan kri-ni, • * krT-i) 102 SECOND CONJUGATION IV 132 < Oh £ 3 o o IV 132 NINTH CLASS 103 104 CONJUGATION IV *33 Irregularities of the Present Stem. First Conjugation. 133. A. First or Bhh Class, 1. ^ krarn, ‘ step,’ a-cam, ‘sip,’ guh, ‘conceal,’ flin^sthiv, ‘spit,’ lengthen their vowel:—kram-a, a-cam-a, guh-a, Tffa sthiv-a — 9 * mrj, ‘cleanse,’ take9 Vrddhi: marj-a.— sad, ‘sink,’ substitutes I for a: sid-a (for si-s[a]da: Lat. sido). a. gam, ‘go,’ and yam, ‘restrain,’ form the present stem with * cha (Gk. t tk) : g 4 -ccha, yi-ccha (see below, C 2). 3. ITT ghra, ‘smell,’ 7 JT pa, ‘driuk,’ 75 TT stba, ‘stand,’ redupli- cate with X : ftW jl-ghra, pf-ba (Lat. bi-bo), f ?18 ti-stha (Gk. 7 -<rrrj-m, Lat. sisto). These verbs originally belonged to the third (reduplicating) class (cp. sad above, A 1). 4 . ^1 darps, ‘bite,’ ^T^manth, ‘churn,’ B^safij, ‘adhere, drop the na c al:—pi d 4 s-a, mi m 4 th-a, TER s 4 j-a. 5. drVsee,’ **TTdhma,‘blow,’ Tirana,‘study,’ substitute 7 TO p 4 s-ya, dh 4 m-a, m 4 n-a. B. Fourth or Div Class. 1. TT^tam, languish,’ bhram, ‘ roam,’ IJJ^sam, ‘ ceae,’ m^sram, be weary,’ mad, ‘ rejoice,’fp^div,* play,' lengthen their vowel:—BTR tam-ya, mad-ya, t* dtvya, &c. a. bhrams, ‘fall,’ drops its nasal: SUS bhrfs-va.— 3 ^ vyadh, ‘ pierce,’takes Samprasarana : f*RI v!dh-ya.-R*l. jan. ‘he born,’ substitutes Wl ja: ja-ya (cp. 154 a, 0- C. Sixth or Tud Class. 1. Sc*krt,‘cut,’p(muc,‘loosen, - ^ lup, ‘ break,’ lip, ‘ paint,’ vid, ‘ find,’ sic, 4 sprinkle,’ insert a na*alSRT krnt- 4 , ^ muac-a,p? lump-a. flP*T limp- 4 , vind- 4 , fare sific-a. IV 134-IRREGULARITIES OF THE PRESENT STEM I 05 a. ‘ wish,’ substitutes ^ ch for ^s. and ^ r, 4 go/adds W chi-cchd, ^ r-cchd (cp. A 2). 3- prach/ask/ *5^ bhrajj, 4 fiy/ ^vmsc/cut/ take Samprasarana :-Xp^ prcch-d, bhrjj-d, vrsc-d. Second Conjugation. ^34* Second or Ad Class. 1. The root ie irregularly strengthened in the following verbs:— *• ^ y ,l 3°‘ n ’ an ^ all other roots ending in ^ u, take Vrddhi instead of Guna in the stro ng forms before terminations beginning with consonants yau-mi, but d-yav-am. b * 2 PL m ri' ‘cleanse/ takes Vrddhi instead of Guna: 3. sing, mfgmars-ti (cp. 63), 3. pi. mrj-dnti. c. si, lie down/ Atm., takes Guna throughout its weak forms, besides inserting^ r before the terminations in the 3. plur. pres., im pv., impf .:- 3 . 8 g. d-te (Gk. kOt ), 3. pi. ^ 8^-r-ate, 1*^ s^-r-atam, a-se-r-ata. 2. The root is irregularly weakened in the following verbs ° TL Va8 ’ teke * Samprasarana in the weak forms: 3- ag. TO v^-ti (63 b), 3. P l. us-dnti. b. ^as, ‘be/ drops its initial ^a in the optative and all the weak forms of the pres, and imperativee. g. 3. sg. opt. 8 “yat; 3. pl. pres. s-dnti (sunt). The 2. sing. impv. is itftjf o^hf (for az-dhf, Avestic zdi). In the imperfect it inserts t1 before the endings of the 2. 3. sing.: '*pg\: as-fy, c. tf^ban, ‘kill/ Par., drops its *^n before and *T th in the weak fonns: 3. sg. hdn-ti, but 2. pl. ** ha-thd. In the 3- pl. pres., impv., impf. the radical ^ a is dropped and the W h becomes ^ gh: ^ghn-dnU, yij glm-dntu, ^y^d-glm^n. The 2. sg. impv, is^rff ja-hf (fortff jha-hf, with palatalized initial, instead of *|ff gha-hf). io6 CONJUGATION IV 134 3. A vowel or semivowel is irregularly inserted in the follow¬ ing verbs:— a. V^an,' breathe,’ SPJJJaks, ‘ eat, rud, * weep,’ ^p^svas, breathe," f^^svap/ sleep,’ insert^ i before terminations beginning with consonants except T^y; but T or ^ a before the ^s and <^t of the 2. 3. sg. impf. Par.;—e.g. r 6 d-i-mi,but rud-dnti, rud-yam; impf. 3. sg. d-rod-i-t or d-rod-a-t. b. id, ‘praise,’ and it is, ‘rule,’ both Atm., insert ^ i before terminations beginning with ^s and \^dh (i.e. 2. sg.pl. pres, and impv.): — fs-i-se, is-i-dhve; i 8 -i-sva, 18-i-dhvam. c. JJJjru, ‘ speak,’ inserts ^i in the strong forms before termina¬ tions beginning with consonants: brdv-i-mi (but w- bru-m^b) WA^H^d-brav-I-t. d. ^ i preceded by adhi, ‘read’ (Atm. only), resolves f^i in the pres, and ifc ai (augm. a+i) in the impf. before vowels into t^iy and ifc^aiypres. sg. 1. adhl-y-d, 2. adhi-sd; impf. sg. X. , W§ftjadhy-di-y-i, 2 .^ 3 taT:adky-di-thab. 4 . The reduplicated verbs ^TTC^ia-kas,‘shine,’ WWja-ks (for ja-gh[a]s, from gbas), ‘eat,’ ja-gr, ‘wake’ (intensive °fgf) dari-dra (intensive of^T dra,‘run ), be poor,’ though accounted verbs of the second class, follow those of the third in taking ati and atu in the 3. pi. pres, and impv., aud nr for an in the 3. pi. impf.3. sg. ddri- dra-ti, 3. pi. ifXjfH ddridr-ati ; 3. pi. impf. d-jaks-ub. tu saa, ‘ rule,* follows the same analogy; it also takes fxj^sis as its weak stem before consonants:—3* NS* sas^ti, du. ftIS: pi. IfTOfTT sas-ati. IV 134 irregularities of the present stem 107 B. Third or Hu Class. 1. ^7 da, ‘give,’ and VT dh£t, ‘ place,’ use dad and ^t^dadh as their stems in the weak forms. <pl x dadh (against 62 b) becomes dhat before t and f^th : a-dhu-mi.but du. i.^^Idadh-vab, 2. dhat-thdl;. The 2. sg.impv.Par.is de-hf (for da-z-dhf) and ^rff dhe-h( (for dha-z-dhf). 2. 9TT ma, ‘ measure,’ and IT ha, ‘depart,’ both Atm., have mi-mi and faft ji-hi as their present stems, dropping the before vowelspres. sg. 1 • jih-e, 2. jfhi-se, pi. 3. jfh-ate ;. impf. sg. I. ’wfaf* 4 -jih-i, 2. d-jihl-thafc, pi. 3. a-jih-ata. ha, ‘abandon,* Par', has jahi in the weak forms,, dropping before vowels and Hj:—3. sg. SffTflT jdha-ti, but du. *frv: jahi-talji, pi. ^Upf jah-ati; impv. 2. sg. jahi-hi; opt. r. sg. jah-yam. C. Fifth or Su Class. i Hoots ending in vowels may drop the^ u before ^v or msu-n6-mi, but^I sun-Wtyi or su-nu-vdlj. a. Roots ending in consonants change ^ u to uv before vowels:—Ijfflqfwi sak-nuy-6nti. 3. ^ am, ‘hear,’ and ^ dhu, shake,’ form the present stems sr-^u and dhu-nu. 4 a Seventh or Budh Class. W^aflj,'anoint,’IT^bhaflj. ‘ break,’ Vfa hiips,' injure,’ drop their nasal before inserting if na:~ 1 a-ni-j-mi, bha-nd-j-mi, hi-na-s-mi. S. Eighth or Tan Clan. W kr.’do,’ takes kar-6 as its strong stem, and as its weak ^ kur-u, the H u of which must be dropped before 9 ^in, I^y, kard-mi, 3 W kuru-th6bi but kur-vdfc, kur-m^; |J?iT^kiir-yain. Other verbs of this class may drop the H u before ^v and H m io8 CONJUGATION lv '35 as in the fifth. When compounded with the prepositions pari and B^eam, the verb W kr has an initial ^s: p4ri- skrta, ‘adorned,’ sam-skrta, ‘put together.’ This is not original. P. Ninth, or Kn Class, i. dhu, ‘ shake,’ tj^pu, ‘purify,’ ^lu, ‘cut,’ shorten their voweldhu-na-mi, gnff| pu-na-rai, lu-na-mi. a. 'SJT jfia, ‘ know,’ and grah,' seize,’ awe shortened to 3 TT ja and gfh : —^ I i f*1 ja-na-mi; grh-ga-mi (65). 3 * ^H^bandh,' bind,’and *P€^manth,‘churn,’dropthenasal:— WVTf^T badh-na-mi, |f*t math-na-mi. The Perfect Tense. 135 . This tense is formed either by reduplication or peri- phra8tically. Roots follow the former method, derivative verbs (chiefly causatives) the latter. There are also four roots with a prosodically long initial vowel (140 a, 1) which take the peri¬ phrastic perfect. Special Boles of Reduplication. 1. r, ^ r, ^ ] are represented by a in the reduplicative syllable;—e. g. 15 kr, ‘ do *: ^TTT ca-kar-a; 7 J tr, ‘ cross ’: dflK ta-tar-a; kip, ‘be able’: ca-k)p-£. 2. Initial^a or ^fla becomes^UTa;—e.g. ad, ‘ eat ad-a; ^RT^ap, ‘obtain’: ^IPT ap-a (cp. 140a, 1). 3. Roots beginning with ^ i contract ^ i + ^ i to I; but if the radical ^ i takes Guna or Yrddhi, ^y is inserted between the reduplicative syllable and the root;—e.g. I^if, desire,’ 3* P^* is-db (for i-is-ub), but I. sg. i-y-^s-a. 4. Roots beginning with or containing ya or va, and liable to Samprasarana (cp. 137, 2c), reduplicate with ^ i and ^ u: — IV 136 REDUPLICATED PERFECT I09 *Iyaj. ‘sacrifice’: i-yaj-a; vac, ‘apeak’: u-vac-a. 136. The singular perfect active is strong, like the singular active present and imperfect, the root being accented; the remaining forms are weak, the terminations being accented. The endings are the following:—- Parasmaipada. SINGULAR. DUAL. (*)N (i)-vtf i-thur 1 ^rf-tur 1 Atmanepada. PLURAL. (T)* (M fir (131,6) (i)-vfihe (0 -mahe 2. (xfi (i)-a 6 'iftithe (*)*t (i)-dhve 3 - ^ ^ ate ^ i- r £ s. The terminations with initial consonant are adde4 with the connecting vowel ^ i 2 except in the eight verbs : ^ dru, run,’ sjsru, ‘hear,’ ^ stu, ‘praise,’ ^ sru, ‘flow,’ * kr! ‘do,’ bbr, bear, vr, choose,’ ^ sr, ‘go,’ where it must be omitted. The 3. pi. Atm. retains the ^i even in these verbs. In 2. sg. Par. it is omitted by many other verbs also, and is optional in verbs ending in a, as well as in most of those ending in ^ i, ^ r, ^ u. 1 In these two dual forms ^ ur has been borrowed from the 3. pi., the twe ending. ^ thur and ^ tor corresponding to the a. 3. du. pres, ^thas and * This ^ i was in origin probably the reduced form of the final ^ a of roots like da, ‘ give,* and became the starting-point of T i as a con¬ necting vowel in other verba. iio CONJUGATION IV 137 The Strong Stem. 1. Short vowels followed by a single consonant take Guna throughout the singulare. g. is, ‘wish’: i-y-^g ; <3^budh,‘wake’: gql^bu-b6dh ; but live’: ji-jlv. 3. Final vowels take Vrddhi or Guna in the first person singular, Guna in the second, Vrddhi only in the third;—e.g. ^ i,‘go’: 1.