English
i-y-ay-a or i-y-iy-a; 2. i-y-e-tha; 3. i-y-ay-a ; kr, do ’: 1. ^^iTT ca-kar-a or ca-k 4 r-a : 2. ca-k^r-tha; 3. ca-kar-a. 3. Medial ^ a followed by a single consonant takes Vrddhi in sg. 3. and optionally in 1.;—e.g.^*^han,‘ kill’: 1. jaghan-a or *i jaghiu-a, 3. yyi*! jaghan-a. 4. Foots ending in a (or diphthongs: 129, 8) take an in 1.3. sg.,aud may retain ^SJTa before y thain 2.sg.(cp. 136 a)-,— e. g. \TT dha, ‘ place ’: 1.3. da-dhau. 2. dadha-lha or dadh-i-tha. But JT hvaoihve, ‘call,’ is treated as 3 * hu:—3. sg. ju-hav-a (cp. 154(7, 3). The Weak Stem. I37. 1. In roots containing the vowels t, u, r, the radical syllable remains unchanged, except by Sandhi;—e.g. budh: bu-budh-i-ma; kr: xfSSU ca-kr-ma; *sj stu: tu-ftu-ma. a. Before terminations beginning with vowels final ^i, if preceded by one consonant become ^y, r, if by more than otic, T^iy, ^ ar; while ^ u, ^ u, and ^ f always become uv and W^ar;—e.g. ni, * lead ’: ni-ny-ub 6r1, ‘resort’: si-sriy-uh; STkr.'do’: ^ca-kr-ub? *3 s< f IV 137 REDUPLICATED PERFECT JII ‘strew’: 7 RR: ta-star-db; gyu,‘join’: gggJ yu-yuv-db; kf, ‘ scatter *: ca-kar-db. 3. In roots containing a medial ^aor a final ^ a, the radical pliable is weakened. a. Roots in which ^ a is preceded and followed by a single consonant (e.g. IJc^pat), and which reduplicate the initial con¬ sonant unchanged (this excludes roots beginning with aspirates, gutturals, and for the most part ^v), contract the two syllables to one with the diphthong T^e (cp. Lat. f 5 c-id, fec-I) \ This contrac¬ tion takes place even in 2. eg. Par. when ^ tha is added with * i (the strong form being used when ^ tha is added without 4[i)*_ eg paci ‘cook’: 2.sg. pec-i-thd (but papdk- tha), 3. pi. pec-db; Tig. tan, ‘stretch’: ten-i-thd, ten-iib* b. jan (139, 2), ‘ be born,' and four roots with medial ^ a kjSjnn-ng with gutturals, viz. ^ khan, ‘dig,* JR. gam, ‘go,* ^T^ghas, eat,* ^ ban, ‘kill,* weaken the root by dropping the radical vowel :- 3 . sg. Atm. ja-jn-i?; 3 .sg. Par. *R!T* ja-gam-a, but 3. p i. *ig: ja-gm-db 5 5 RTO ja-ghiis-a, but *g: ja-kf-db; ^TR ja-ghan-a, but ja-ghn-db (cp. 134, 2 e). c. Five roots beginning with ^ va, viz. JR vac, ‘speak,* TC vad, ‘speak,* ^vap, ‘strew,’ ^vas, ‘dwell,’ ^ vab, ‘carry* also *Ryaj, ‘sacrifice,’ ^vyadb, ‘pierce,’ 8va p, ‘sleep,’ grah, ‘ seize,* take Samprasarana. In the first five ^ u+^f u ( C P* x 35 4 ) contract to u, in the sixth ^ i-f ^ i to _3. 8 g. ^TRu-vac-a, but pi. uc-db (for u-uc-db) ; i-yaj-a, but ^ xj -db (fo r i-ij-db); su-svap-a (67), but TOg: su-snp-db; ^ 411 ^ ja-grah-a, but SPR.* ja-grh-db. 1 This vowel spread from contracted forma like weak perfect stem of sad, * sit * (az becoming 133 A 1 ). ^ sa-z-d (Avestic hazd), e; cp. 134, 2 b and 112 CONJUGATION IV 138 </. Roots ending in 'Stf a drop it in all the weak forms, and optionally in 2. sg. Par. (see 136 a and 138, 3). Paradigms of the Beduplicated Perfect. 138. 1. tud, ‘strike’ : strong stem rjcft^ tu-tod ; weak TJTJ^f tu-tud. Parasmaipada. 1. gcfr^ tu-t6d-a 1 tu-tud-i-v£ tu-tud-i-mi 1 2. tu-tod-i-tha tu-tud-2thuli tu-tud -4 3. tu-t6d-a tu-tud-itul; J ' tu-tud-til? Atmanepada. 1. tu-tud-e 2 ggf^rt tu-tud-i-v£he tu-tud-i-mahe 2. tu-tud-i-se <JrJ^|| tu-tud-athe tu-tud-i-dhve 3. TJTJ^tu-tiuM tu-tud-ate tu-tud-ire 2. Sf kr, ‘ do ’: strong ca-k 4 r, ca-kar; weak ^9 cakf-.^Sicakr. Parasmaipada. I. ca-kdr-a 3 ca-kr-va ca-kr-ma 2. j ca-kar-tha ca-kr-athulj Tf# ca-kr-a 3. ^offPC oa-kar-a ca-kr-dtufo ca-kr-u^ Atmanepada. 1. ca-kr-6 '4 3 4 ^ ca-kr-v 5 he *(0*^ ca-kr-mihe 2. ca-kr-s£ ca-kr-athe ca-kr-dhve 3. ca-kr-£ ^ 17 * ca-kr-ate ca-kr-ir^ 1 Lat. tu-tud-i-mus. * Lat. tu-tud-i. 5 1 Or xHK ca-kir-o. IV i 3 8 REDUPLICATED PERFECT 113 3. \JT dha, ‘place’: strong ^TT da-dha; weak ^^da-dh. 1. 2. da-dhdu da-dba-tha l da-dh&u da-dh-i-ma da-dh-a da-dh-dh 1. da-dh-d 2. da-dli-i-sd ^ da-dh-d 3 Parasmaipada. da-dh-i-va da-dh-dthu]j VW da-dh-dtufr Atmanepada. da-dh-i-vdhe da-dh-i-mdho da-dh-athe da-dh-ate da-dh-i-dhvd da-dk-ird 4. ni, ‘ lead *: strong ni-nd, ni-ndi; weak ui-nl. 1. 2. 3 faqq ni-ndy-a 2 Wq ni-nd-tha 3 torero m-uay-a 1. ni-ny-d 2. fafssft ni-ny-i-sd fiRj ni-ny-d 3 Parasmaipada. ni-ny-i-va ni-ny-athufc n*-ny-dtu^ Atmanepada. ni-ny-i-v&he ni-ny-i-mdhe ni-ny-athe ni-ny-i-dhvd ni-ny-ate ni-ny-ird M^TR ni-ny-i-md ni-ny-d ni-ny-dlj 1. 2. 5 . stu, ‘ praise *: strong tu-s{ 6 , tu-s^au; weak 35 Parasmaipada. 35 ^ tu-stu-va cJJJT tu-stu-md 35*3 : tu-stu-v-dtbuh 35* tu-s^u-v-d tu-s^u-v-dtulj 353 * tu- ?t u -v-dh Atmanepada. 35*^ tu-stu-vdhe 1. tu-stu-v-d ■ 35 ^ tu-s^u-sd 3. t u-stu-v-d Or da-dh-i-tbd, 3 Orf^Tt^T ni-ndy-i-tha. tu-stu-mdhe ^ tu-stu-v-athe tu-stu-dhvd 3S qi ^ tu-stu-v-ate tu-stu-v-ird * Or ("Hrq ni-ndy-a. 4 Or cjlilq tu-a{dv-n. I CONJUGATION II 4 IV 138 i- fHRT ta-tan-a 1 2. ta-tdu-tb 3 - ta-tan-a !• ten-e 2. Wft ten-i-se 3. ten-e F 1. ja-gdm-a 3 2. ja-gdn-ths 3 -1 ^TRT ja-gam-a 1. 3 n 5 > ja-gm-e 2. srfbft ja-gm-isi 3. ja-gm-d ; trong rTcR^ta-tan, ta-tan; weak Parasmaipada. ten-i-va ten-i-md ten-dthub ten-d ^•*0* ten -^tuh ten-tih Atmanepada. ten-i-vdhe ten-i-m ten-athe ten-i-dh ten-ate r)fq ^ ten-ird ; ^T^ja-gdm, ^N| l*tja-gam ; weak Parasmaipada. ^Tfr?T^ ja-gm-ivd ja-gm-i ja-gm-athuh ja-gm-d ja-gra-atuh 5 R*j: ja-gm-fib Atmanepada. ja-gm-i-vdbe ja-gm- ia-em-athe ja-gm-. 1. uc-e 2. u< 3. uc-d ja-gm-d ja-gm-ate vac, ‘ speak ’: strong qqx^ u-vdc, ^ Parasmaipada. u-vac-a 4 ue-i-vd ^ u-vdc-i-tha 6 uc-dthub ' u-vac-a ST^j: uc-dtub Atmanepada. c-d 'Ji h q"t? uc-i-vdhe l uc-i-sd uc-athe u-vac-a ja-gm ^u-vac; weak tfifq*! uc-i-m uc-d uc-db uc-ate 3 uc-i-mahe f uc-i-dhvd uc-ird Or 7 T 7 TPT U-tdn-a. * Or ten-I-thd. * Or W*TRT j&-g^ 1 Or u-vac-a. 8 Or 'Sq^W u-vdk-tha. IV 139 IRREGULARITIES OF THE PERFECT II5 Irregularities. I39. 1. JR^bhaj, * share,’ though beginning with an ajpirate, follows the analogy of the contracting verbs with TJ e (137, 2 a): 3. sg. WT1 ba-bhaj-a, but 3. pi. bhej-tib- Similarly raj, ‘shine’ (medial a), and optionally tias, ‘tremble* (two initial consonants), and bhram, ‘ wander ’ (initial aspirate, two consonants) 3. sg. A/^% rej-e; 3. pi. P. ta-tras-ub or tres-ub; ba-hhram-ub or bhrem-ub. 3. ^I^yam, ‘reach,’ and ^J^vam, ‘vomit,* though beginning with ya and ^ va, do not take Samprasarana, but folio w 137,2 a :— ya-yama, but yem-d; va-vam-a, but vem-ub ; "while ^R^vas, wear,’ Atm., does not weaken the root at allva-vas-e. vid, ‘know,* forms an unreduplicated perfect with present meaning: vdd-a, ‘I know * (Gk. ofoa, Germ, weiss), vdt-tha (oia- 6 a) t vdd-a (oid<); vid-md (Jd~nfv, wissen), ft* vid-d, ft?: vid-tib- 4. ft ci, ‘ gather,* ft ji, ‘conquer,* ftf hi, ‘ impel,* ban, ' kill,* revert to their original guttural in the radical syllable ft^Rl ci-kay-a, ft^TR ji-gay-a, f^RR ji-ghay-a, 5RT*1 ja-ghan-a (cp. 137, 26). 5 . ^ ah,‘say,’ is defective, forming only 2 . eg.dual and 3 . sg. dual pi.: —HTW at-tha, ah-a; ah-dthub, I ah-dtub; ah-tib- 6. V^atps, ‘reach,* reduplicates with the syllable ^T^an, in which the radical nasal is repeated with the init ; al vowel (cf. Gk. aor. inf. ivtyK-uv ) ; on the other hand, the radical nasal is dropped in the weak forms: 3. sg. P. an-drpsa, 3. pi. A. an-as-ire. The analogy of this verb is followed by arc, praise ’:—3. sg. S<|*v4 an-drc-a. n6 PERIPHRASTIC PERFECT IV 140 7. bhu, ‘ be,’ has the double irregularity of reduplicating with a and retaining its SIu throughout (cp. Gk .m-tpi-w) ^5 ba-blm-v-a ba-bhu-v-i-v 4 ba-bhu-v-i-ma ba-bhu-tha \ ba-bhiW-i-tha}^ ba ' bh5 " v - ith V ^ ba-bhu-v-a ^5 ba-bhu-v-a ^5^* ba-bhu-v- 4 tul? ba-bhu-v-ub Periphrastic Perfect. 140. The verbs which cannot reduplicate, form their perfect by making an abstract feminine noun in the accusative, , ?IP^ am, and adding to this the reduplicated perfect of W kr, ‘do,’ as, he,’ or ^ bhu, be.’ This formation started, with the employ¬ ment of the transitive verb ST kr, e.g. gamayam cakara, he did going,’ i.e.‘he did go’; but in classical Sanskrit the periphrastic perfect is usually formed with ^^as, the other two auxiliaries occurring only exceptionally. The periphrastic 1 erfect is almost entirely limited to the derivative verbs in aya (tenth class, causatives, and denominatives);—e.g. bodhayaui asa, ‘he awakened.’ Hardly any examples of desideratives or intensive.s are found in this tense. a. The following are the few primary verbs taking the peri¬ phrastic perfect:— 1. four roots beginning with a prosodically long vowel: as, ‘ bit,’ Iks, ‘ see,’ iijjh, ‘ forsake,’ edh, ‘ thrive’;— o.g. WHT as-am cakre, ‘he sat.’ 2. the reduplicated roots ca-kas, ‘shine,’ and WTjJ ja-gr, ‘awake ’ (properly an intensive, 134 A 4):— x t c flK cakas-aip cakara, jagar-am asa. 3. the roots bhr,‘ bear,’ and, in the Epics, nT, ‘ lead,’ and J hve, ‘call,’ optionally:—bibhar-am babhuva or IV 1 41 PERIPHRASTIC PERFECT-AORIST II7 WTC ba-bhar-a, ‘ he bore (a-) nay am asa or ni-nay-a, ‘ he brought ’; hvay-am asa or ju-hav-n, 4 he called.’ Paradigm of the Periphrastic Perfect. Parasmaipada. *fta*rnnftre bodhayam as-a bodhayam as-i-va bodhayam as-i-ma bodhayam as-i-tha (r/a-da) bodhayam as-athub bodhayam as-a ’sftWJrre bodhayam as-a bodhayam as-atuly bodhayam as-uh Aorist. 141. There are two kinds of aorists in Sanskrit, as in Greek.