English
The First is formed by inserting a sibilant between root and termination, the Second by adding the terminations to the root with or without the connecting vowel ^ a. Both aorists take the augment (which is accented) and the secondary terminations. There are four forms of the First Aorist, and three of the Second. Pirst Aorist. a. The first form is made by adding to the augmented root the suffix *Tsa, and is inflected like an imperfect of the first conjugation (d-bhava-t) except in the Atm. 1. sg., 2.3. dual (where it follows the impf. of fl^dvis). It is taken by only a few roots ending in s and J h (which become ^ k before ^ s: 63 b; 69 a), and containing the vowels ^ i, ^ u, or ^ r, which remain unchanged;— e.g. dis, ‘point*: 3. sg. &-dik-$a-t. This form corresponds to .the Greek First Aorist (c -dn£e, Lat. dixi-t). 118 FIRST AORIST IV 142 Parasmaipada. i- a-dik-s-am • d-diksa-va • d-diksa-ma • 2. ^if^: ^fc(^Jd a-dik-sa-fy d-diksa-tam • d-diksa-ta 3. ■*lf<^dK d-dik-sa-t • d-diksa-tam • d-diks-an Atmanepada. 1. d-diks-i • d-diksa-vahi d-diksa-mahi 2. *d-diksa-thalj d-diks-atham • a-diksa-dhvam • 3 . d-dik9a-ta • d-diks-atam • d-diks-anta • b. Similarly inflected is the aorist of ^j£duh, ‘milk,’ the stem of which is d-dhuk-sa (55):—Par. 1. sg. d-dhuk-sa-m, Atm. d-dhuks-i. 142. The other three forms of the First Aorist.are made by adding to the augmented root the suffixes ^ s, t^^i-s, s-i-s respectively, and are inflected like imperfects of the second conjugation (d-dves-am). The sis-form is used, in the Par. only, by a few roots ending in a, which remains unchanged throughout. The s-form and is-form are used by roots ending in other vowels than ^TT a, or in consonants; both have Vrddhi throughout the Parasmaipada (a medial vowel has only Guna in the is-form) and Guna throughout the Atmanepada (a medial vowel and final x remain unchanged in the s-form). All three forms have the peculiar endings is, $ 71 . ^ ,n 2. 3. sing. Par., and must take nr in the 3. plur. IV 143 FIRST AORIST H9 Second or s-form. 143* x * nl, ‘lead,’ as an example of a root ending in a vowel:— 1. Parasmaipada. d-nai-s-am • d-nai-s-va • d-nai-s-ma 2. a-nai-s-Di • • d-nai-s-tam d-nai-s-ta 3 - ^3: d-nai-s-xt • d-nai-s-lam d-nai-s-uh • • i. Atmanepada. d-ne-s-i • d-ne-8-vahi d-ne-s-mahi • 2. vter: (66 B 2) d-ne-s-thah d-ne-s-atham • d-ne-^hvam 3 * Vte d-ne-s-Ja a-ne-s-atam • d-ne-s-ata • a. chid, ' cut off,’ as an example of a root ending in consonant:— Parasmaipada. 1. d-cchait-s-am d-cchait-s-va d-cchait-8-ma 2. "V%iT^(66B2) (66 B2) d-cchait-s-Di • d-cchait-tam d-cchait-ta 3 *V(66 B2) d-cchait-s-It d-cchait-tam d-cchait-s-uh • Atmanepada. *• d-cchit-s-i a-cchit-s-vahi d-cchit-s-mahi 2. ^f^rr:(66B2) (66 B 2) a-cchit-thabi d-cchit-s -at ham d-cchid-dhvam 3 * ^rf^TrT (66 B 2) d-cchit-ta d-cchit-s-atam d-cchit-s-ata 120 FIRST AORIST IV 144 a. IS kr, do,’ as ending in r, is similarly inflected:—Par. ■^RTPIh. d-kar-s -am, *rarff:i -kar-s-Ih. <Ji \ *Tff^d-kar-s-It, &c. Atm. a-kr-s i, WSnJa-kr-thal.i.^girTd-ky-ta.&c. The last two forms do not properly belong to the s-aorist, being borrowed from the second form of the root aorist (148) which is not otherwise inflected in the Atm. Irregularities of the s-form. 144. 1. Before the suffix final radical (a) *^n as well as ^ m becomes Anusvara (cp. 66 A 2);—e.g. d-mam-sta. from man, ‘ think,’ as well as a-ram-sta, from ram, ‘ be glad ’ (cp. 42 B 1); (A) ^ s in the verb vas, ‘ dwell.’ becomes <^t: ^<4 fa-vat-sit (66 Bi). 2. The termination ^J^dhvam (before which the of the aorist is always lost) becomes dhvam when the ^s would have been cerebralized (cp. 66 B 2);—e.g. d-ne-dhvam (for a-ne-s-dhvam), a-kr-dhvam (for d-kr-s-dhvam). 3. da, ‘ give,’ VT dha, * place,’ stha, stand ’ (which takes the second aorist in the Par., 148), weaken their vowel to ^i (cp. 1360, note 2) before the terminations of the Atmanepada:— a-di-s-i, a-di-thah (cp. 143 <*), ^ di - ta (f-6o-ro), a-di-s-vahi, &c. 4. f^drs, ‘see,’ ^srf, ‘create,’ ^sp r s, ‘ to uch,’ tak e Vrddhi with metathesis in the Par.e.g. 3. Bg. I’qlrf. d-srak-sit (63 a, note 2), du. TEtTH.d-siiis-t:Im (63 a; 66 B2), pi.' 4 -srak-suh; A. d-srk-Bi.^Ui: arsr§-thal?, d-srs-ta, &c. 5. The aorist of ^ dah, ‘burn,’ and ^ rudh, ‘ hinder,’ is difficult owing totheSandhi(69a;62b):—sg.H^I<^dhak-sam, IV 145 FIRST AORIST 121 d-dkak-sil?, TO^, a-dkak-slt; du. d-dhak-sva, d-dag-dkam, a-dag-dkam ; pi. WT^J a-dkak-ama, a-dag-dka, a-dkak- sul? ; A. 8g. ^TtTf^T d-dhak-s-i, ^TC|T: d-dag-dkafo, d-dag-dka; d-dkak-svahi, d-dkak-s- atham, d-dkak-s-atam ; pi. d-dkak- smahi, ^TOTtefJ^a-dkag-dhvam (62 a), a-dkak-s-ata; d-raut-sam; du. 2. ^0'Q*1 d-iaud-dkam (62 &), pi. 2. 'srW d-raud-dka ; Atm. sing. 1. 41 d-rut-s-i, 2. a-rud-dkab, 3. d-rud-dka; pi. 2. d-rud-dlivam, 3- d-rut-s-ata. Third or is-form. * 45 - This form differs from the preceding merely in adding the ^3 with the connecting vowel ^ i (which changes it to \6, 67). The endings of the 2. 3. sg. are ^ is, (for is-s, is-t; cp. 28; 150). Hardly anyParasmaipada forms of is-aorists from roots ending in vowels occur in classical Sanskrit, hut one 6uch, formed from *pu, ‘purify/ in the older language and iuflected in loth voices, may be taken as a paradigm for the active as well as the middle:— Parasmaipada. i- wiRmh. d-pav-is-am d-pav-is-va d-pav-is-ma 2. VITfqBH. ^IMlfqS d-pav-ik d-pav-is-tam d-pav-is-fa 3 - vufag: d-pav-it d-pav-is-tam d-pav-is-uk 122 FIRST AORIST IV 1 Atmanepada. i. wfafa a-pav-is-i a-pav-is-vahi d- •pav-is-mahi 2. ^q|i8T: d-pav-is-thal? d-pav-is-atham d- pav-i-dhvam (144, 2) 3- wfas VTf^TcTR; a-pav-is-ta d-pav-is-atam d- pav-is-ata a " bu( ^’ aTva ^e’ a aa example of a root ending in consonant, does not take Vrddhi iu the Par. (142):— Parasmaipada. 1. d-bodh-is-am d-bodh-is-va 9 9 d-bodh-is-ma • 2 . d-bodh-ih • d-bodh-is-tam d-bodh-is-ta • • 3. d-bodh-It d-bodh-is-tam • • d-bodh-is-uh • • Atmanepada. 1. a-bodh-is-i • d-bodh-is-vahi • d-bodh-is-mahi • 2. 144. 2 ) d-bodh-is-tha^ d-bodh-is-atham d-bodh-i-dhvam • 3. a-bodh-is-ta d-bodh-is-atam • a-bodh-is-ata • b. mad, ‘exhilarate,’ and vad, ‘speak,’ take Vfddhi in the Par?: WTf^j: d-mad-is-uh? W^a-vad-it. IV 147 FIRST AO HIST I23 Fourth or sis-form. 146. This form differs from the preceding one 6 imply in pre¬ fixing an additional ^ s to the suffix. It is conjugated in the Parasmaipada only, and is used by not more than six roots, all ending in a. ^Tf ya, ‘go,’ may serve as an example:— Parasmaipada. 1. wrftnm wrf^r d-ya-sis-am d-ya-.sis-va d-ya-sis-ma 2 . ^rcnflre** entire d-ya-sih d-ya-sis-tam d-ya-sis-ta 3- mrrfaFR; wrflrg: d-ya-slt a-ya-sis-tam d-ya-sis-nh Second Aorist. 147. This aorist is like an imperfect formed directly from the root, the terminations being added with or without the connecting vowel a. The first form is like an imperfect of the sixth class, the stem being formed by adding ^ a to the unmodified root. It corresponds to the Second Aorist of the first conjugation in Greek (?-rwr-o-i<)i The inflexion of this aorist formed from sic, ‘sprinkle,’ is as follows:— Parasmaipada. 1. d-sic-am d-sica-va d-sica-ma 2. d-sica-b d-sica-tam d-sica-ta 3 - d-sica-t d-sica-tam d-sic-au 124 SECOND AORIST IV 148 1. a-sic-e 2. d-sica-thab 3. a-sica-ta Atmanepada. d-sica-vahi d-sic-etham a-sic-etam a-sica-mahi a-sica-dhvam d-sic-anta Irregularities. a. 1. WT khya, ‘toll,’ substitutes for ^Ta: ^ 51 ^ d-khva-t.—2.^*^ drs,‘see,’ takes Guna: 414 4*1 a-dars-a-t.— 3 . ** as, throw,’ adds ^ th to the root: as-th-a-t\— 4 - pat, ‘ fall,’ and vac, ‘ speak,’ form contracted re¬ duplicated aorists d-pa-pt-am, 41 eft d-voc-am (for d-va-uc-am, cp. Gk. <- in-o-v). Second Form. 148. The imperfect terminations of the second conjugation are attached to the root. This form corresponds to the Second Aorist of the second conjugation in Greek:— 4 JSTP^d-dha-m, ‘I placed’ (€- 0 ij-v)\ " 41 ^ 4 r<T. d-stha-t, ‘ he stood ’ (t-org); IHTTc^ d-gii-t, ‘he went’ 4 J*jc^ a-bhu-t, ‘he became’ (*$v). A few verbs ending in 4 JT a (as well as 3 ^bhu, ‘be’) take this form. This a is retained throughout except before the ur of the 3. pi. There is no Atmanepada (cp. 143 a; 144, 3). 1. da, give’:— Parasmaipada. 1. 4 I^T^d-da-m d-da-va d-da-ma 2. d-da-h 414 ld^d-da-tarn '^id a-da-ta 3 . 4J4Td.d-da-t 414ldl+i.a-da-tam ^l<fl d-d-uh 1 The root of this aorist is, however, probably stha,* stand,’ with the vowel shortened as in 41 ts?ld.d-khyat. IV 149 SECOND AORIST 125 2. ^bhu, be’:— Parasmaipada. J. ^^5*l v ^-bhu-v-am a-bhu-va a-bhu-ma 2 * &-bhu-h ^^ft^^-bbu-tam a-bhu-ta 3 - a-bhu-t ^*j <1 l+^d-bhu-tain d-bhu-v-an Third or Beduplicated Form. I49. Excepting the primary verbs dru, ‘run,* and sri, go, this aorist has attached itself to the secondary conjugation in aya (tenth class and causatives). The stem is formed by a peculiar reduplication of the root, to which ^ a is attached. 1 he inflexion is like that of an imperfect of the first conjugation. Upwards of forty verbs take this aorist in classical Sanskrit. Special Buies of Beduplication. ^ i. a, ^ a, r, ^ f, J are represented in the reduplica- ' tive syllable by ^ i. a. The vowel of the reduplicative syllable, unless already long by position, is lengthened.