English
, with which the weakest stem is practically identical (only that ^ r 2 must be changed to ^s which, being always followed by a vowel, appears as Tfj). In forming the middle and strong stems from this, the fiiml vowel of the root (changed to a semivowel before ^ us) must be restored, and in verbs which, after dropping ur, become mono- syllabic, i must be inserted:— 3 - Peur. Weakest Stem. >• ca-kr-db cakr-us-a babhu-v-db babhu-v-ds-a ten-db ten-ds-a • % y-*b ij-ds-a Strong Stem, cakr-varjjsam bnbhu-vaqis-ai • ten-i-vams-ara tfsrTRR. *• • ij-i-varps-am Middle Stem. cakf-vdd-bhi^ babhu-vdd-bhib ten-i-vrid-bhib ij-i-vdd-bhib 1 On the declension of participles in ^STrT of their feminine stems, 95 a. ^ at, see 85; on the formation * Cp. 131, 6. 134 MIDDLE AND PASSIVE PARTICIPLES IV 158 a. The participle of the present perfect of ft? vid, ‘know’ ( 3 - vid-uti), does not take the intermediate ^ i:—inst. eg.f^T vidus-a; acc. fa*1 vid-vaips-am; inst. pl.f^^f^* vidvdd-bhilj. II. Atmanepada and Passive Participles. 158. Present and Future Participles Atmanepada and Passive are formed with the suffix *Hf mana, which is added after dropping the 3. pi. termination °% -nte:—Atm. pres. > 14*1 H bhdva-mana, fut. H 5 J bhavisya-mana ; Pass. pres. bhuvd-mana. a. The second conjugation takes ^ 1*1 and in the pres. Atm.: jhhv-ana (but fut. TUT hosyd-mana, Pass, pres. M huyd-mana). The root as, ‘sit,’ takes the anomalous suffix Tua: as-Tna, ‘sitting.’ 159. The Perfect Atm. would be formed with the suffix ■4Mf and, which is added after dropping the termination ire of the 3. pi. Atm.;—e. g. 1 babhuv-ire: H babhuv-and. It has, however, become obsolete, only a few instances of it sur¬ viving in the sense of substantives or adjectivese. g. ^^ I anuuc-and (from anu-vac, ‘having repeated'=) ‘learned.’ 160. The Perfect Passive Participle is formed with the suffixes T na and the much commoner rT td. 1. T na, which is taken by primary verbs only, and is attached immediately to the root, is used by a good many roots ending in the long vowels ^ a, ^ i, u, ^ r (which becomes Ir or ur) and especially in Jd;—e. g. ^TT mla,‘ fade ’: ^TT mla-na; tiffII,'cling*: ^Nll-ual vjdu.'cut’: ^Tlu-na; ^stf,'strew’: stlr-nd; U pr, ‘fill’: XJUJ pur-nd (cp. 154. 4)! f*? bbul * ‘cleave ’: bhin-nd. iv i 6 o PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE I 35 a. nr.d, ‘ push,’ and vid, ‘ find,' optionally take ?Tta:— nun-na or nut-t£; fari vin-na or fqvf vit-t£. b. The final of a few roots in i that take T na reverts to the original guttural;—e.g. JT^T^bhafij, ‘break’: bhag-na; bhuj, ‘ bend ’: bhug-na; *T^^majj, ‘ sink ’: mag-na ; fast vij, ‘ tremble ’: f^T vig-na. 3. cf ta is attached to the root with or without the connecting vowel ie. g. ji-tA, * conquered ’; tlflfiT pat-i-ta, ‘ fallen.’ When attaching the suffix immediately, the root has a tendency to be weakened in the usual way: verbs liable to Samprasarana (137, 2 c) take it, W a is in some cases weakened to or even X i a fi Qa l nasal is in several cases lost 1 ;—e. g. ^J^yaj, ‘ sacrifice *: XP ?-# (63 a ; 64) ; vac, ‘ speak ’: uk-tfi ; S vap, * *leep ’ : sup-t 4 ; tJT pa, ' drink * : iftcl pi-t 4 ; WT stha, stand’: sthi-ti (Gk. orn-T<i-r, Lat. sta-tu-s); gam, ‘ go *: *TcT ga-t£; ban, ‘ kill ’: ha-td. a. VT dha, ‘ put,’ is doubly weakened: hi-td (for dhi-td). b. da, give,’ uses its weak present stem dad : ^tT dat-t 4 . After certain verbal prepositions datt 4 is weakened to tT t-ta;—e. g. ^|ti a-tta (for a-datta), ‘ taken.* • c. Several roots in ^♦(am, instead of dropping the nasal, retain it, and lengthen the preceding vowel;—e.g. kam, ‘love’: e tln kan-ta. d. ^J^dhvan, *60uiid,’ follows the analogy of ^ff^kam, &c.: ^Tnl dhvan-t£; while a few others in an use a collateral form of the root in a;—e.g. khan, * dig ’: kha-td; ^l.jan, ‘ be born *: ja-t£. 3. ^cT i-ta is taken by a considerable number of primary verbs which end eifher in double consonants or in single consonants 1 On the peculiar Sandhi of roots ending in ^ h, cp. 69, PAST PASSIVE PABTICIPLE IV 161 136 not easily combining with c{t, and by all derivative verbs (which drop the final ^ a or ^aya before it) ;-e.g. ^ sank, ‘ doubt ’: sank-i-ta; likh, ‘ scratch ’: likh-i-td; ^ Ip-sa, desiderative of ^JTP^ap, ‘obtain*: Tps-i-td; kar-aya, causative of SF kr, ‘ do ’: ^iTf\d kar-i-ta. a. The full form of the root is usually retained before fTf ita; but vad, speak,’ and ^^vas, ‘dwell,’ usually take Sampra- saranaud-i-ta, us-i-ta j while grah, ‘ seize,’ always takes Samprasarana and the connecting vowel instead of ^ i: grh-i-t 4 (cp. 151 b 4). 161. By adding the possessive 6uffix ^(vat to the past pass, part., a new form of very common occurrence is made, which has the value of a perfect active participle;— e. g.'SicT kj--ta, ‘done’: girled,krta-vat, ‘having done.’ It is generally used as a finite verb, the copula being omitted;—e.g. TTc^ Siddld. sa tat krtaviin, ‘he (has) done it’; W\ sa tat kj-tavati, ‘she (has) done it’ (cp. 89, foot-note 3). 162. The Future Passive Participle is formed with the suffixes ^ ya, tav-ya, and an-iya. They correspond in sense to the Lat. gerundive in -ndus. 1. Before the suffix ya — a. final ^STT a becomes e ;—e. g. da: d 4 -ya,‘to be given.’ b. final i, ^ I take Guna, ^ u, ^iu Guna or Vrddhi,r, ^ f Vrddhi;—e. g. f^T ji: je-ya, * to be conquered ’; nl: ne-ya, ‘ to be led ’; IT liu: hav-yd, ‘ to be offered ’; ^ bhu : *TT 3 J bhav-ya, ' about to be ’; kr: kar-yk, ‘ to be done.’ c. medial i and ^3 u followed by a single consonant generally take Guna, a is sometimes lengthened, r remains un¬ changed ;—e. g. bhid: 3*31 bhed-ya,' to be split ’; ^yuj: IV 164 FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE 137 to yoj-ya. ‘ to be joined*; ^ sak: sak-ya, ‘ possible ’; but ^ vac: vac-ya, ‘to be said*; g^dri: drs-ya, ‘to be seen.’ a. Before the suffix cTO tavya, the root, if possible, takes Guna, being treated in the same way as before the cTT ta of the periphrasticfut.(152)f^fji: %rT^je-tavya,‘tobe conquered’; ^bhu: bhav-i-tavyd, ‘ that must be *; ^ gam : ?TnT°g gan-tavyd, ‘to be gone’; da: da-tavya, ‘to be given’; % bhid: bhet-tavya, * to be split.* 3. Before the suffix an-iya, the root takes Guna;*— e.g. f^r ci: ’^•Tl-ef cay-aniya, ‘ to be gathered ’ j ^ bhu : bhav-aniya, ‘ that must be ’; PT kr: kar-anlya, to be done ; ^^lubh: lobh-amya, ‘to be desired.’ a. The IRf aya of the causative is rejected ;—HT^T bhav-aya: bhav-aniya, ‘ to be supposed.’ HI. Gerund or Indeclinable Participle. 163. The suffix used for forming this participle from the simple verb is tv-a (an old instrumental singular of a stem in g tu). It is most easily attached to the root by being sub¬ stituted for the 7 [ td of the passive participle;—e.g.UTd kr-td, done*: Si^Tkr-tva,‘having done’; ^Hiuk-td,‘spoken*: uk-tva,‘having spoken’; *|<T ga-td, ‘ gone *: *IWTga-tva,‘having gone.’ AThe suffix of the causative, ^ aya, is, however, retained: cor-i-ta, ‘ stolen,* but cor-ay-i-tva, ' having stolen.* 164. If the verb is compounded with a preposition it takes ? ya instead of tva: from ^bhu,' be,* JJJ3T bhu-tva, but saip-bhu-ya; from ^vac, ‘speak,* uk-tva,but ift^T 13 ^ INDECLINABLE PARTICIPLE IV 165 prauc-ya; from ^ tf, ‘ cross, ava-tir-ya, ‘having de¬ scended’; from ^ pf, ‘fill, sam-pur-ya. a. The suffix of the causative, aya, is retained (excepting the final a) before ya if the radical vowel is short 1 ;—e. g. • • sam-gam-ay-ya from sam-gam-aya, ‘ cause to assemble ’; but vi-car-ya from 1^*4 vi-car-aya, ‘ consider.* 165. c€T tya is added, instead of ya, to compound verbs ending in a short vowel;—e. g. facmji-tva, but fafsilSJ vi-jf-tya. a. The analogy of these verbs is optionally followed by roots ending in ^n or m, preceded by ^ a, which may drop the nasal if it is dropped in the perfect participle passive (160, 2);— e. g. gam, ‘ go ’: a-gam-ya or a-ga-tya (part. *T<T ga-td); nam, ‘ bend ’: pra-nam-ya (65) or HUJSf pra-na-tya (part. •TrT na-tA); man, ‘think °*l^| -nian-ya or °JTt 5 T-ma-tya (part.*??! ma-td); ^^han, ‘kill’; -han-ya or -ha-tya (part. ha-td); 71 ^ tan, ‘stretch’: -ta-ya (cp. 154 a 1) or -ta-tva (part. TTrT ta-td). But kram. ‘ stride,* has only °^PEJ -kram-va (part. sftinT kranta); Ishkhan, ‘dig,’ only -kha-ya (part. <sild klia-td; cp. 154 a 1). 166. There is also a rare indeclinable participle in ‘Sixain. It is most easily formed by adding the suffix to that form which the root assumes before the ^ i of the 3. sg. aor. passive (155) I e. g. sru d-smv-i, ‘ it was heard ’): ^TT^C. srav-am, ‘ having heard.’ IV. Infinitive. 167. The infinitive (=Lat. supine) is formed by adding tn-m (originally the acc. sg. of a verbal noun) to the form which 1 Otherwise the gerunds of the simple and the causative verb would be identical. TV 168 INDECLINABLE PARTICIPLE 139 Ihe verb assumes before the <!T ta of the periphrastic future (152), or the rTO tavya (162,2) of the future part, pass.;—e.g. ^TT stha: ^ng^stha-tum (Lat. sta-tum),‘to stand’; p^budh: bodh-i-tum,‘to awake ’; 3 ^bhu: bhav-i-tum, ‘to be’; kr: ^'^J^kdr-tum, ‘to do’; ^^drs: s^f*^dr 4 s-tum (151 b 1), ‘to see’; vah: vodhum (696), ‘to carry’; sah: sodium (69 b), ‘ to bear cur; tf)coray-i- tum, ‘ to steal.’ DERIVATIVS VERBS. Z. Causatives. 168. This, the commonest class of derivative verbs, is formed with the suffix TO aya in the same way as the tenth class (125,4), and is similarly inflected ;—e.g. nt, ‘lead*: nay-aya, cause to lead ’; W kr, ‘ make ’: kar-aya, ‘ cause to make ’; f^T 3 £ vid, * know ’; ved-dya, ' cause to know ’; sad, ‘ sit *: sad-dya, ‘ set.’ A Most of the verbs in ^1 a insert T^p before the causative suffix;—e.g.