English
All tho adverbs used with this cose express some modification of the fundamental ablative notion of separation L 146 PREPOSITIONAL ADVERBS V 178 1. * before ’ (of time): arvak, STT pura, purvam, ^ prlk. 2. ‘after’ (of time): an-antaram, urdhv 4 m, param, m/T: para-tab, p^rena, Uijf?! prabhrti (originally a fern, noun meaning ‘ commencement ’). 3. outside,’ out of’: bahfb. 4. ‘apartfrom ’: any 4 - tra; ”32 r} rte (also acc.). d. Gen. Nearly all the adverbs used with this case express some relation in space:—1. ‘before,’‘in presence of’: &gre, agra-tdb, pura-tab, purds-tat, praty-aksam, sam-aksdm. 2. ‘after’: THJT^ pascat. 3. ‘beyond’: Mi,<11 para-tab, Mi^idTc^ paris-tat. 4. ‘above,’ * over,’ ‘upon’: up 5 ri (also acc.) and 'SMI<^ updri-stat; the former also ‘ with regard to.* 5. ' below ’: adhdh and ^*J*SH<t,adhfLs-tat.—With the gen. is also used krte, 'for the sake of.* 178. The case-notions of the accusative (‘whither’), ablative (‘whence’), and locative (‘where’) are often paraphrased by nouns meaning ‘ proximity,’ such as antikd, 'dM c t^ upa-kantha, ni-ka^a, sa-kas'a, sam-nidhi, sam-Ipa, MI^ parsvd (‘side’). In the acc. they mean ‘towards,’ ‘to,’ ‘near’; in the abl., ‘from’; and in the loc., ‘ near,’ ‘in the presence of’: in each case governing the genitive. For example:—8° to the king’; WUWKsl ‘ he withdrew from Baghu ’; ‘beside me,’ ‘near m?’; cRTT STlffa ^ ‘they praised Nala in her presence.’ Prepositional Gerunds. 179. Several indeclinable participles are used in the sense of prepositions:— x. with acc. ud-dis'-ya, ‘ pointing at ’ = toward*,’ V I So PREPOSITIONAL GERUNDS 147 ‘about,’ ‘at,’ ‘for’; a-da-ya, grhl-tva, ‘taking,’ m-tva, ‘leading’ = ‘with'; ^srfvrTTPT adhi-stha-ya, ava-lamb-ya, ^Ipstcej a-sri-tya, a-stba-ya, ‘ re¬ sorting to’=‘ by means of’; muk-tva, pari-tyaj-ya. varjay-i-tv 5 , ‘ putting aside ’=‘ except ’; adhi-kr-tya, ‘putting at the head’=*with reference to,’ ‘about.’ 3. with abl. a-rabh-ya, ‘beginning from’=‘since.* Conjunctive and Adverbial Particles. 180. ang 4 , in exhortations=‘pray’: 'pray do it.’ fwy kim afiga: x. ‘why, pray? ’ a. ‘how much more? ’ 4 -tha: 1. introducing something new at the beginning of a sentence = ‘ now,’ ‘then,’ ‘afterwards.’ a. in the headings of books, chapters, sections, ‘ now ’ = ‘ here begins ’ (opposed to iti, here ends’). 3. connecting parts of a sentence=‘and,’ ‘also.’ 4. ‘if’: ai fa qi Rl if I do not follow them, I shall go to Yama’s abode.*_ atha kim, ‘ what else? ’ = ‘it is so,’ ‘certainly,* ‘yes.*—^fT atha va: x. or else,’ or.’ a correcting a previous statements or rather/ but.’ 3. adding a corroborative statement, ‘or 80 ’=*so for instance*: ‘thus it is well said.* dtho, ‘then,* ‘afterwards’ (see u). anyac ca, ‘ and another thing * = ‘ and besides/ * more¬ over.* W <n aparam, ‘further/ ‘moreover,’ ‘besides.’ api: 1. connecting (like ^ ca) parts of a sentence=‘like¬ wise/ moreover,’ ‘ and both—and’), a. ‘also,’ ‘on one’s own part’: fn$Jrr*l ‘Damanaka also (on his part) went away.’ 3. ‘ even,’ ‘ though ’: ft ’ even 148 CONJUNCTIVE AND OTHER PARTICLES V 180 a child’; ekakiapi, ‘though alone.’ 4. ‘only,’ ‘but’ ‘but a moment.’ 5. ‘all’ with numerals: WT*TR‘of all the four castes.’ In the above five senses api always follows the word to which it belongs. It is also used at the beginning of a sentence as an interrogative | article, and with the optative to express a wish or preference: ?uft ‘is your penauce prospering?’ ^ would that the time had come’; HUHT 5 !^ ^TUt ‘ I would rather abandon life than thee.’—^fq *TR api nama, ‘ perhaps ’ (see TR nama). ‘ enough,’ construed with the instrumental, gerund or infinitive, expresses a prohibition : H^T'away with fear’; ‘cease reproaching me’; U^tvf^^'do not awaken.* lti, thus’: 1. is used after the exact words of quotations. With verbs of saying it supplies the place of inverted commas and of the indirect construction in English: cTWTfTi * *rrhe said to me, I will do thy bidding (tavaajnam),’ or he told me that ho would do my bidding.’ a. It is similarly used to quote thoughts, intentions, knowledge, though not uttered: Xftl one should not despise a king, though a child, (thinking =) because he is a mere human being ’; ^Icff*f(rf ‘a gift which is presented (thinking‘it ought to be given’=) fiom a sense of duty’; if ‘(the knowledge) that he reads the book of the law, is not a cause (of confidence in him).* 2. =‘here ends,’at the end of books, chapters, sections, acts: ifd rjrflhere ends the third act.’ 3. ‘in the capacity of,’ ‘as regards,’ ‘as for ‘as for (doing it) quickly, it (would v r 180 CONJUNCTIVE AND OTHER PARTICLES I49 be) easy; as for (doing it) secretly, it would require consideration.’ (See also f^R^kim and cTOT fatha.) iva, being enclitic, follows the word to which it belongs in sense:—1. ‘like': ^ ^ ‘this man looks like a thief.’ 2. ‘as if,’ ‘as it were’: M fxygf | “laee^it were, Siva himself before me.’ 3. ‘somewhat’: ‘somewhat angrily.’ 4. ‘almost’: 'almost aohour.’ 5. ‘just,’ ‘quite’: ‘just a little’; ‘quite soon.’ 6. ‘indeed,’ ‘pray* (German ‘ wolil ’), nith interrogates: ‘what, indeed, is not an ornament to lovely figures?’ , ^ n / an old rarticle of frequent occurrence in the Veda, meaning and,’ is preserved in Sanskrit only in combination with (q. v.), and in ^ dtlio (for 6thau, ‘and so ’), ‘then,’ and n6 (for nau, ‘and not’), ‘not.’ ^ utfi,, a common particle in the Veda, meaning ‘ and,’ ‘ also,’ or, survives only 1. in combination with Uf7| and pratiuta, ‘on the contrary’; kirn uta, ‘how much more,’ how- much less ’; 2. in the second part of a double question :— ^rf (=utrum—an) ‘whether—or.* It is also frequent as an expletive at the end of a line in the Epics. ^ ev4 is a restrictive particle following the word which it emphasizes. It may often be rendered by ‘just,’ ‘ only/ ‘ exactly,’ quite, as well as in various other ways, sometimes merely by W qUitC alODO ’ 5 ‘ the very sight ’; I myself’; rT^T ‘ 1 hat very,’ ‘the same’; ‘sure death ’; TFqZft ‘ the whole earth.'-%^ oaeva, ‘and also.'-?^ tathaeva, ' likewise,’ ‘ also.’ naeva, ' not at all,’ ' by no tnanno * 1 W^ov 4 m, ‘thus,’ ‘so ‘not sol * * ^9*1*3 ‘ so be it * j ma^vam, I50 CONJUNCTIVE AND OTHER PARTICLES V 180 kac-cit (Vedic neuter of interr. ka-d+f^ cid), used in questions expecting the answer ‘yes’ (Lat. nonne)=‘l hi^pe : 'I hope you have 6een DamayantT, Oking?’ With negative=‘l hope not* (Lat. num): — ^ sdqiqftH ‘i have not done you auy injury, I hope?’ kama-m (acc. of fi | 4 f ‘desire’), primarily used as an adverb meaning at will,’ ‘gladly,’ is frequently employed as a concessive particle:—1. ‘indeed,’ ‘certainly,’ ‘forsooth,’ ‘to he sure’; 2. ‘granled,’ ‘supposing’ (generally with imperative), followed by adversative adverb: —g, TTOTfa, or it is true—but,* although—yet*; —T g‘certainly— but not, rather—than’ (cp. qvaram—T na). -m : 1. ‘what?’ 2. ‘why?’ 3. a simple interrogative particle not to be translated, and expecting the answer ‘no’ (Lat. num). 4. ‘whether?’ in double questions, followed by f^> TT, f^RJpT, or simply ^T, or ^1^1 ‘or/ Combinations off^i^kim with other particles are the follow¬ ing:— fsii Moreover.’ — ‘but,’ ‘however.’— ‘ wherefore ? ’ —f^i ‘ perchance ?’ —‘ why, pray ? ’ ‘ I wonder ? ’—fBJRfq 1. ‘ very/ ‘ vehemently ’: ‘weeping bitterly’; 2. ‘nay, more. ’— f^J fatjd, ^ W how much more/ ‘how much less’: ^ ‘even each singly (leads) to ,ruin, how much more (is it so) when the four (are combined)!' f^f kila (quidem): 1. ‘indeed,’ ‘certainly/ ‘to be sure/ follows the word it emphasizes : 'sms^O 0 bo sure the rogue deserves calamity.’ Sometimes may be rendered by stress merely: i Hfq re . 'zrzm* ‘one day a tiger did come.’ 2. ‘they say,’ we are told : V i8o CONJUNCTIVE AND OTHER PARTICLES I5E f^f ‘ there lived, it is said, a c named Kartavlrya.* B'd^kr-ta-m (neut. of past part.)* ‘done/ is used (like 41 am) with the instrumental in the sense of * have done with*:_ STf! ‘away with doubt.’ %^<?P^kevala-m f ‘ only ’: ‘ he merely sleeps.*— not only—but.* 3 * kva* where? ifropoated with another question, expresses great difference, incongruity, or incompatibility: gj ‘ where (is) the race sprung from the sun, and where (my) limited intelligence ? * i. e. ‘ how great is the discrepancy between the glory of the solar race and my powers of description.’ ^gkliilnc i> indeed,’ 4 surely,* often merely emphasizing the preceding word. a. ‘ pray,* 4 please,’ in entreaties : ^ ‘please give me an answer’(German 4 doch’). 3 * with gerund =‘ enough of,’ 4 do not * (like 41 am) : ^ 'do not weep. not at all,’ ‘certainly not,* ‘I hope not.* ^ ca, enclitic (=re, que), ‘and,’ 4 also * ‘Govinda and Rama.’ In poetry the particle is occasionally misplaced: for ^ 4 in this world and in the next.* When more than two words are connected, the conjunc¬ tion is commonly used with the last only, as in English._ *■ both and *’ a * on the one hand—on the other,* though—yot.’ 3.‘no sooner—than.’ c6d (ca-ffd), ‘if,* never begins a sentence or half-line (as yadi, ‘ if,> doM)._^ • tut if.’—Tf or if not ’ ( elliptically ) =‘ otherwise *: *pf ^ ^nniH 'everything should be done after delibera¬ tion, otherwise you will come to repentance.’—cen na 4 if— I52 CONJUNCTIVE AND OTHER PARTICLES V 180 not ’ (apodosis): ‘ if it (is) to be, it (will) not (be) otherwise. if this (is objected, it is) not (so).’ ^Trj jatu : 1. atall,’ ever.’ 2. possibly,’‘perhaps.’ 3.‘once,’ one day. *T not at all,’ ‘by no means’; ‘never.’ cTrT t£-tah: 1. thence.’ 2. ‘thereupon,’ ‘theu.’ rTTT^TTU t.atas tatah = what next, pray go on ’ (with what von are saying). rT^TT ta-tha: 1. thus,’ so,’ accordingly.’ 2.