English
‘likewise,’ ‘also,’ ‘as well as,’ ‘and’ (=^). 3. ‘that is so,’ ‘yes,’ ‘it shall be dono.’— 7 TOT ^ 'so also,’ ‘similarly.’ — rTOTfa tathaapi, nevertheless.’—cTOT for so (it is),’ so for instance,’ that is to say,’ ‘namely. irSrfTf tathajti, ‘yes.’ rff td-d (neut. of pron. that’): 1. ‘then,’ ‘in that case.’ 2. ‘therefore,’ ‘accordingly’; rl^T we are princes; therefore we have a curiosity to hear of war.’ flTdd, ta-vat; 1. ‘ so long’ (correlative to ^ 1 qr^ ‘how long,* ‘while,’ ‘till’). 2. ‘meanwhile.’ 3. ‘in the first place,* ‘ first.’ 4. just,’ ‘at once* (with imperative = before doing anything else): pray come here at once.* 5. ‘already,’ even’ (as opposed to how much more,’ 'how much less’). 6. ‘ only,’ ‘ merely.’ 7. ‘ at least *: ‘ she is at least not a human being.’ 8. (concessively) ‘ indeed,’ ‘ certainly,* ‘ it is true’ (followod by <J ‘but,* &c.). 9. emphasizes a notion (like TTC): ‘as for,’ ‘as regards,* ‘only,’ just,’ ‘quite,’ or to be rendered by stress only. dldd.—‘scarcely—when.* T dldd,' not yet.* fj tu (never commences a sentence): ‘but,’ ‘however.’ It is sometimes = or dT, or a mere oxpletive ; it is even found combined with ^ or repeated in the same sentence. — <J ‘ but rather.’ •! <J ' but not.’ <J na tueva tu, never V i8o CONJUNCTIVE AND OTHER PARTICLES 153 at all.’ TTt <J ‘ yet,’ 4 however.’ <J—<J 4 indeed—but.’ H although—yet not.’ •T n&, not ’; with indefinite pronoun=‘ no ’: (‘ not any ’ = ~^‘ no r “ an ’ J ^ ‘ nothing ’; ' nowhere ’; ^ ‘ never.’ *T if repeated amounts to an emphatic positive: a m ^ Hffa: ‘no one was there (who was) not satisfied,’ i.e. ‘every one was thoroughly satisfied.’— najpi, not even.’—naeva, ‘not at all.’ na-nu: 1. not?’ in questions expecting an affirmative answer (Lat. non-ne) = ‘ surely ’: ^ fiW nanuaham te priyah, ‘surely I am thy beloved?’ 2. with interrogative pro- nouns and imperat ives =‘ pray ’: ^ ‘pray who are ;’° U ; nanuucyatam, 4 pray tell.’ 3. in arguments: ' S * t _ n ; t the case that? ’=*it may be objected’; followed by atrauoyate, ‘ to this the reply is.’ nama,besides its adverbial meaning 4 by name* (e.g. •TT*T Nala by name’), has the following senses as a particle: 1. ‘indeed,’ ‘certainly,’ ‘to be sure’: I have indeed conquered.’ 2. ‘perhaps’: \nhft TTO you have perhaps seen a righteous man.’ 3. ironically, with interrogates =‘pray’: MT* W fVW ‘who, pmy, is a favourite with kings?’ 4. with imperatives =‘granted,’ ‘no matter if,’ 4 ever so much ’: * •TW ‘ let him be ever so rich. — ilfij •TO 1. at the beginning of a sentence with potential = perhaps.’ 2. emphasizes a preceding word more ^ngly than^fXTalone.-iTg ‘surely’: ^ rfZf surely I am dear to thee.’ ^ n6, 4 now/ with interrogatives = 4 pray *: $ 4 who, pray ? ’ ^~^ D .q° UbIe questions expressing uncertainty,‘(either)—or’- can this be Bhima Ar DUvmn * * 154 CONJUNCTIVE AND OTHER PARTICLES V 180 nn-ni-m, usually the first word in a sentence: ‘in all probability/ ‘undoubtedly/ ‘assuredly’: *](•! ‘ assuredly, I think, it is not the fault of the king of Nisadha/ •ft n6 (nd-f-u) in the Veda meant ‘and not/ ‘nor/ but in Sanskrit simply =‘not’ (cp. C dd). ^ para-m : i. ‘highly,’ ‘greatly/ ‘entirely,’ ‘very’: Jett'S‘I am greatly obb'ged/ a. ‘at the most*: ‘ in it the life of mortals (lasts) at most thirty (years)/ 3. ‘nothing but/ ‘only*: xrt % ‘you only lack the horns.’ 4. ‘but/ ‘however’: they (are) thoroughly versed in all learning, but lack intelligence.’ ptinah : i. ‘ again.’ a. ‘ on the other hand/ * on the con¬ trary,’ ‘but. or simply w- ‘ again and again,' ‘ repeatedly/ Wl’R! prayah, Hiqii! praya-s'ab, prayena: i. ‘for the most part/ ‘generally/ ‘as a rule/ a. ‘in all probability.’ badh 4 -m : i. ‘ certainly,’ ‘ assuredly/ ‘ indeed/ a. ex¬ pressing consent: ‘very well/ 3. expressing assent: ‘so it is/ ‘ yes.’ *TT ma, prohibitive particle (=Gk. fxfj), generally used with impelative or unaugmented aorist: *TT or do not go.’ 3 TT W sma is employed in the same way. Both *TT and ma_£vam are used elliptically =‘not so!’ ‘don’t*; similarly iTT not for heaven’s sake!’ ‘God forbid.* *TT 1tR with potential or elliptically: =‘ would that not,’ if only not *: *TT ‘ heaven forbid (that it should be) the warders/ Jjy; m fifing : 1. ‘every moment/ ‘repeatedly,’ ‘incessantly* V 180 CONJUNCTIVE AND OTHER PARTICLES 155 (often repeated: a. ‘on the contrary.* now—now/ ‘ at one time—at another/ y&-tah: 1. whence * (often =‘ where/ sometimes = * whither’; often=ablative of the relative ya). a. ‘ wherefore/ ‘for which reason/ 3. ‘because/ ‘since/ ‘for’ (often introduc¬ ing a verse in support of a previous statement). 4. ‘ that/ after quest ions or before oratio recta : fa ^ cb* *Trf% ‘what misery is greater than this, that there is no fulfilment of desire ? * y&-tra: 1. ‘ where/ a.' if/ 3. ‘ when/ 4. ‘ since/ ^TT y 4 -tha s i. as*: i'll mqfcf ‘as your Majesty commands/ a. ‘like’ (=**): ‘the daughter of Bhima shone like the lightning/ 3. ‘as for instance/ 4. ‘in order that*: *TOT TOffT ' in order that she shall think of no other man than thee/ 5. ‘so that’ : Tli 7 m *TOT * TO q rfWcf ‘I shall so con¬ trive that he will slay him/ 6. ‘ that/ introducing (like ^ ydd) a direct assertion, with or without jfd at the end: ^ ^T ‘ you told me that—.’ *TOT ?m <TOT ‘ in proportion as—so/ ‘the more—the more/ 7 RR 1 T tad yatha/that (is) as (follows)/ ‘ thus for instance/ yk-d : x. ‘that/ introducing direct assertions (like Qk. or*) mth or without \ at the end: Jm fcfT you must say, I have slain my beloved here/ a. (so) ‘that’- /^♦Ohow (isit) that you do not know?’ 3. ‘j n ‘ order that *: fa ^ ^ ip?.* ‘ what can be done in order that the king be not angry ? * 4. ‘ inasmuch as/ ‘ because/ since/ ^ ydd-i, ‘if’ ( cp.%g c 6 d).-*f% TH: 1. ‘or else/ ‘or rather/ ‘or*: ‘unwittingly or wit¬ tingly.’ a. sometimes = ‘ however/—yadi api, ‘ even if * 'although/ 156 CONJUNCTIVE AND OTHER PARTICLES V 180 ya-vat: 1. (with correlative dlq<\) ‘as long as.’ while, till, as soon as.’ 2. meanwhile,’ just,’ expressing intended action: jrf7Tm*RTrf*T rTTJJ ‘ having resorted to this shade, I will just wait for her.’—^|c|d yavan na : 1. ‘while not’=‘till.’ 2. sometimes=‘ if not.’ — —tTR(^'scarcely—when,’ ‘no sooner—than.’ y6na: i.' in which manner,’ ‘as’ (corr.TfaT). 2. ‘whereby,’ on what account,’ ‘wherefore,’ ‘why*: ‘hear why the kings do not appear.* 3. ‘ because,’ ‘since’ (generally with corr.^T): wfa aRT^TT rT *ft?T W since thou seest my beloved even when far away, teach this spell to my eye also.’ 4. (so) ‘that’: ^RTnft T HfarTT ‘a device has been contrived so that no blame will be incurred.’ 5. ‘in order that*: fTOT ^ 1 t\ <11 WTfa fd^^sTt ‘ I will become his pupil, in order that he may be inspired with confidence.’ ^c^vat, ‘like,’ is used at the end of compounds in the sene of iva : *Jdd?^ mrta-vat, ‘ like a dead man.’ dTH vara ^ m —"Tna, lit.‘the better thing (is)—(and) not’ = ‘better—than’ (^, <J, or being generally added to the na): H1rfH*ft T WTO: * better death than association with the base.’ va, enclitic (Lat. ve), following its word (but for metrical reasons sometimes preceding it): 1.‘or.’ 2.‘either or not,’ option¬ ally’: <tfTd<^TT^f ‘for (a child) that has cut its teeth, they may optionally make (the offering).’ 3. ‘like,’ as it were (=^): WTcTT ‘ 1 believe her to have become changed in appearance like a lily blighted with cold.’ 4. with interrogatives=‘pray *: ^ what, pray, (with=) is the use of a blind eye? ‘ either—or.’ V I8i CONJUNCTIVE AND OTHER PARTICLES 157 % v£i, used in the older language as a particle emphasizing the preceding word, is common in Sanskrit poetry as a mere expletive. ^rfj^satya-m; i. ‘ truly,’ ‘certainly,’ ‘indeed.’ a. * rightly,’ justly. 3. true, it is so.’ 4. very well ’ (in answers). 5. ‘ it is true—but’ (J, g, IfX|). W ha, an enclitic particle, which in the older lauguage slightly emphasized the preceding word, is in Sanskrit a mere expletive, mostly occurring at the end of a verse. ff hi, never at the beginning of a sentence, but generally after the first word: 1. ‘ f or,’ ‘ because.’ a. ‘ to be sure,’ ‘ indeed ’: ^ ‘thou art indeed his dear friend.’ 3. with interrogatives or imperatives =‘ pray ’: ‘ how, pray, shall I know the gods ? ’ ‘ pray, show it.’ 4. often used as a mere expletive, especially in order to avoid a hiatus or to obtain a long vowel in poetry. The particle some¬ times occurs twice in the same sentence. Interjections. 181. ayi, used with the vocative or supplying its place, = ‘friend,’ ‘prithee’: ‘prithee, let s go to the garden of love.* ^ aye: 1. a particle expressive of surprise, occurring chiefly in dramas : ill HI ‘Ah.Vasantasena has arrived! * 2. sometimes used like as a vocative particle. are, exclamation of address: ‘ ho! ’ ‘sirrah I’ J^ah^cxpresses 1. joy, * ha I’ a. sorrow, ‘alas 1 *: **^ 1 ‘alas! I have fallen into a deep quasr- mire.’ 6 aho, exclamation of surprise, joy, sorrow, anger, praise, or blame, commonly used with the nominative: INTERJECTIONS V 181 158 STT\j4h *Oh, the sweetness of the song!’ 4 Ah, Hiranyaka, you are praiseworthy! * ^IT a (cp. 24) is used especially to express sudden recollection : ^TT f^R*f <Tr^ Ah, so indeed it was! ’ W: ah (cp. 24) expresses joy or indignation, ‘ ah *: *%[', fcl- fVilMfWRR ‘ Ah, you who slight your guest! ’ cfigf^kas^a-m, 4 woe!' ‘alas!’ often combined with dhik or fT f^j ha dhik. f^H distia (inst. 4 by good luck ’=) 4 thank heaven ! ’ often with <J\J v vrdh, ‘ prosper ’=‘ to have cause for joy or congratu¬ lation’: f^sn ^TTT^f 'your Majesty is to bo congratulated upon your victory! ’ dhik, exclamation of dissatisfaction, reproach, or lamenta¬ tion : 4 fie! * ‘ woe!