English
T tama: forms superlatives and ordinals;—e.g. ut-tamd, ‘highest’; sata-tamd, ‘hundredth.* 7 TT tara : forms comparativese.g. ^tR; ut-tara, ‘higher.’ cTT ta, f., ^ tva, n.: form abstract substantives with the sense couveyed by the English suflax ‘-ness’;—e.g. devd-tii, divinity’; amrta-tvd, n. ‘immortality’; pailca- tva, ‘five-ness ’ (i.e. dissolution into the five elements), ‘death.’ tya, adj.; m. n.: forms nouns from prepositions and adverbs; —e.g. ni-tya, ‘ constant ’; dpa-tya, n. ‘ off¬ spring’ ; WTBT ama-tya, m.‘companion ’ (^*1T ama, ‘at home’). ^I tha, adj.: forms some ordinals from cardinals;—e.g. catur-thd, ‘ fourth.’ Hbha, m.; forms the names of animals ;—e. g. garda-bhd, ‘ass,’ vrsa-bhd, ‘bull.’ ma, adj.: forms some suj>erlatives, partly from prepositions, and some ordinals ;—e.g. ava-md,‘ lowest,’ madhya- md, ‘ middlemost*; pafica-md, ‘fifth.’ VI i8 3 SECONDARY SUFFIXES TTr^mat, adj.: forms, in the sense of ‘ possessing,’ derivatives from substantives (except such as end in ^!Ja);—e.g. agni-mdt, ‘ maintaining the (sacred) fire'; * fiery/ maya, adj. (£ ^ I), ‘consisting of’; — e.g. mano-maya,‘consisting of mind/ ‘spiritual/ ya, adj.; m. n. subst.: forms adjectives in the sense of 'relating to,’ masc. patronymics and neuter abstracts with Vrddhi. as well as ordinary adjectives without Vrddhi;—e. g. grdiv-ya, ‘relating to the neck’ (^FT grlva); adit-yd, ra.‘sou of Aditi’; saubhag-ya, n. ‘good fortune’ (from *pT 7 T su-bhdga, fortunate’); pftr-ya, ‘paternal* (friH pitr, ‘father’). * T ra, adj.: forms comparatives from prepositions and ordinary adjectives; — e.g. dva-ra, ‘lower*; dhum-rd, ‘grey* (from dhuma, ‘smoke*). la, adj.; m. subst.: forms adjectives and a few diminu¬ tives;—e.g. kapi-ld (‘monkey-coloured’), ‘brown,* bahu- 14 , ‘ abundant *; fW vrsa-ld, m. ‘ little man,* ‘ man of low caste,* ‘Sudra/ ^vat, adj. ‘ possessing *;—e.g. praja-vat, 'having offspring’; W^ndbhas-vat, ‘cloudy,* m. ‘wind.* van: forms in the sense of * possessing * adjectives and masc. substantives;—e.g. TO^maghd-van, ‘bountiful,* m. an epithet of Indraj Wl 4 ^dthar-vau, m. ‘fire-priest/ ^tqn .vin ; forms adjectives meaning ‘possessing*;—e.g. yas'as-vin, ‘glorious/ 183. The above lists practically supply the rules of gender for the Sanskrit noun. These may be summarized as follows. Speaking generally, all stems ending in the long vowels a, \ ^ u, are feminine; stems ending in a, \ tx, may be GENDER VI 184 166 masculine or neuter; stems ending in ^ i or ^ u may be of any gender. a. Feminine are all stems formed with the suffixes ^ a, tj. u, 7 TT tii, trii, fTT ti. b. Neuter are all stems formed with the suffixes ^ tva, ^ru, us, and (unless the name of a living being) ^T^as, and (unless meaning an agent) ana. c. Masculine are (in so far as they are not used adjectivally) all stems formed with the suffixes rT ta, ^ va, ^ yu; ayana. i (patronymic), ^i ha, bha, la. d. Masc. or fem. are stems formed with the suffixes ni, 3 nu, fa mi, rf tr; also stems formed with the bare root (neuter also if adjective^). e. Masc. or neut. are stems formed with the suffixes a, tha, na, uua, *T ma, ya, ^ ra, (21 tya, ^ tra, ?J tu, an, man, van; also the adjectives formed with in, f^t, vin, lua.t^T tya, (T*T tana, rm tama, 7 TT tara, maya, mat, vat. /. Masc., fem., or neut. are stems formed with \ i or ^1 u. B. Compounds. 184. I. Verbal Compounds are formed by combining roots with some twenty prepositions and a few adverbs. The com¬ pound verb is conjugated like the simple verb. Thus *I*^gam, ‘to go,’ combines with sam, ‘ together/ to *1*1+^sam-gam, ‘to go together/ ‘unite’; 3. sing. pres. sam-gacchati. The compound root can be used to form nominal stems by means of the primary suffixes enumerated above (182, i)l—e. g. sam-gam-d, m. ‘ union.’ a. The prepositions which are compounded with roots are the following: —^rffT ati, ‘ beyond ’; ’Sffa ddhi, ' upon ’; dnu, VI 1 84 VERBAL COMPOUNDS 167 ‘after’; antdr, ‘between’; 4 pa, ‘away’; 4pi, ‘on’; abhf, ‘ against *; ava, ‘down’; ^IT a 1 , ‘near’; ^ud,‘up’; tipa, ‘ up to ’; f% nf, ‘down’; f^nfs,‘out’; mj p 4 ra, ‘away ’; p^ri,‘around’; JT pr 4 , ‘forth’; TTf?T prAti, towards’; vf,‘asunder’; ‘ together.* b. A few adverbs are also compounded with a limited number of verbs: fd<^ tirds, ‘across,’ ‘aside,’ with kj-, ‘make,’ \(J dha, ‘ put,’ $bhu, ‘be’;—e.g. fcK^fa tiras-kurvanti, * they abuse’; tiro-dha, ‘put aside,’ ‘conceal’; tiro ’bhavan, ‘they disappeared’; purrfs with W kr and dha, ‘put in front,’ ‘honour’;— e.g. puras- kriyantam, ‘let them be honoured ’; ^iRtf^avfs, ‘openly,* with W kr, to manifest,’ with 'il^as and 3 ^bhu, ‘to appear’;—e.g. IsCl(<t avis-karoti,‘ he shows’; avir-aslt,‘ he appeared’; 41 am, ‘enough,* with & kr, ‘to adorn.’ 3 r4d, an old word meaning ‘heart’ (Lat. cord-), having acquired the character of an adverb, is compounded with \fj dha, ‘put’; and similarly n 4 mas, ‘ obeisance,’ teta-m, acc. of 4 sta, ‘home,’ are compounded with participles of kr, ‘do,’ and t i, ‘go,’ respectively; — e.g. Ml fa srad-dadhami, ‘I put faith, ’ ‘credit’ (Lat. credo); namas-kftya, ‘having adored’; * 41 ^ fan istam-ita, ‘set* (of the sun). Note. Adjectives or substantives may be compounded with W kr and JJ^bhu, before which final Ua,Wa, or^i becomes ^ T, final ^ u becomes u;_e.g. vasa, m. ‘control’; vasl-kr, ‘ reduce to subjection,’ vasi-bhu, ‘ become sub¬ ject’; parikhi-kj-ta, ‘turned into a moat* (q f\<gH ~ parikha). The sense of these verbal compounds implies a trans- 1 The prep osition a reverses the sense of verbs of going or giving;—e. g. a-gam,come ’; a-da, * take.* j68 VERBAL COMPOUNDS VI formation; thus ratnl-bhiita would mean ‘ turned into a jewel, but ratna-bhuta, ‘ being a jewel,’ as a nomiual compound (188, i c). II. Nominal Compounds.. 185* The power of combining two or more words into one, which belongs to all the Indo-European languages, has been more largely developed in Sanskrit than in any of the others. Not only are long and complex compounds here in constant use, but they also take the place of the analytical modes of expression which prevail in the other cognate tongues. Thus Kalidasa describes a river as ‘ wave-agitation-loquacious-bird-row-girdle- string-ed,’ while we should say; ‘her girdle-string is a row of birds loquacious because of the agitation of the waves.’ Com¬ pounds being therefore of great syntactical importance in Sanskrit, it is necessary to distinguish and classify the various kinds, in order that the meaning of a Sanskrit sentence may be clearly understood. The most convenient division is into the three classes of Co-ordinatives, Determinatives, and Possessives. The Determinatives, so called because the former member determines (or qualifies) the latter, are of two kinds, Dependent and Descriptive. Possessives are secondary compounds, consisting chiefly of Determinatives turned into adjectives. a. All words making up a compound except the last, ordinarily appear in the form of their uninflected stem; those with two stems using the weak, and those with three, the middle stem (73 a). The last word, in the case of Co-ordinatives and Determinatives, retains, as a rule, its usual form and inflexion, as well as, if a substantive, its gender; while, in Possessives, it is variable like an adjective. E. g deva-d£sa)?,ra. ‘ servant of a god, or of the gods ’; VI 186 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS ^Tfa%TTsvami -seva, f. ‘serving a master’; raja-karma, n. ‘ duty of a king ’; JfeM (*l*^sa-naman, ‘homonymous’: nom.m. wrm, f. , n. mm. i. (Dvandva) Compounds. 186. These consist of two (or more) nouns, far less commonly adjectives, very rarely adverbs, connected in sense by the copula and.* Dvandva, the name applied to Co-ordinatives by the Hindu grammarians, means ‘pair* or ‘couple.’ I. Compounded substantives are inflected in the dual or plural according as two or more objects are deuoted, the gender being that of the last member;—e. g. $ Kftl ^ hasty-asvau, ‘an elephant and a horse’; (I hasty-asvafc l , ‘ elephants and horses.’ When, however, the parts of the compound express not individuals but categories, the Dvandva is inflected in the neuter singular as a collective ;—e. g. gavaasvam, ‘ kine and horses.’ Names of objects associated in pairs by way of contrast are often combined in Dvandvas;—e.g. siqiha-gajafc, ‘lions and elephants sarameya-maijarab, dogs and cats’; aho-ratra, m. n. ‘day and night 2 .* The number of members in the compound is not limited and is often con¬ siderable ; e. g. deva-gandharva- manusauraga-raksasalj, 4 gods, heavenly musicians, men, serpents, and demons.* a. Adjectives (including past participles) are comparatively seldom compounded as Dvandvas;—e. g. ft uttara- ‘ north and south ’aftwtwr sitausna, 4 cold and hot *; TOITfeT sit^sita, 4 white and black 3 *; q q i qfl ghanaavata. 1 Cp. Lat. su-ove-Uurillft, * Cp. Aev/ro-plAov. * Cp. Gk. wx^intpov COORDINATIVE COMPOUNDS VI 186 ‘dense an d extensiv e* (forest); STcTT&d krtaaki-ta, ‘done and undone ’; JJdoilfl mrtaajata, ‘dead and unborn.’ o. Two past participles are sometimes compounded to express immediate sequence, the relation of the second to the first being often translatable by ‘as soon as’ ;-e.g.^TE drsta-nasta,‘seen and vanished*=‘vanished as soon as seen’; 5 fTr f ftd jata-preta, ' died as soon as born ’; ut-khata + prati-ropita, ‘ uprooted and replanted’; suptajjtthita,‘having slept and arisen,’ i. e. having just arisen from sleep.’ 3.. Examples of the rare Dvandvas composed of adverbs are *rr*nrnT^ saydm-pratar, ‘in the evening and morning’; f^J- diva-naktam, ‘ by day and night.’ a.