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Occasionally complex Dvandvas, made up of compounds of another class, are met with; — e.g. vyakirna-kesara-f-karala-mukha, * having a dishevelled mane and terrific jaws,’ consists of two possessives (189). b. Of the numerous Vedic Dvandvas consisting of the names of deities, each member being in the dual and separately accented, only very few survive in Sanskrit: mitra ^vdrunau, Mitra and Vanina*; I <11 tj fa ctf) dyava 1 -prthivyah, ‘Heaven and Earth.’ In cases other than nom. voc. acc. the final member only is inflected: fad I q^<ifmitra-varunavob and ^ NT^fa^I dyava-prthivyob. c. matr, ‘ mother,’ and % pitr, ‘ father,’ as the first member of a Dvandva of relationship, assume the form of the nom. sing.: mata-pitarau, ‘mother and father’; fxicTT^ft pita-putrau, ‘father and son.’ 1 Mitrfi and Dytlva are Vedic duals. This type of compound was perhaps originally due to the juxtaposition of elliptic duals (c);—e.g. Mitr^, ‘ the two Mitras’ being = ‘ Mitra and Varuna.’ dvfi-dasa is a numeral Dvandva (‘two aud ten’) in which the first number is an old dual. VI i8 7 CO-ORDINATIVE COMPOUNDS 171 The masc. of co-ordinate pairs of relations can be used alone in the dual so as to include the female; — e.g. pitarau = ‘ parents syasurau 1 =‘parents-in-law’; yh- putrau= ‘son and daughter’ (as well as ‘two sons’); bhratarau = ‘brother and sister 2 .* 2 a. Dependent (Tatpnmsa) Determinatives. 187. A dependent determinative is one in which the first member depends on the last, the syntactical relation of the former to the latter being that of an attribute (noun or pronoun) in an oblique case. The compound may be a substantive or an adjective, according as the last member is one or the other. E -g* tat-purusa, m. ‘the man of him,’ ‘his man’ (an example us ed by the Hindu grammarians to designate the class); ^\*llfan.sura-manin, adj. ‘thinking oneself a hero*; gunaupeta, adj. * endowed with virtues ’ (upajta is a past part.). In dependent compounds the first member may have the sense of any oblique case, but that of the gen. is by far the commonest. 1. Acc. The last member is naturally always an adjective of a verbal nature 3 4 jaya-preps'u, adj. ‘desiring victory’ (praTpsu is a desid. adj., cp. 170,2); varsa-bhogya, adj. to be enjoyed for a year' (bhogya is a fut. part, pass.); grh^gata, adj. come to the house ’ (agata is a past part.); grama-prapta, ‘arrived at the village V (A past part, is more commonly placed at the beginning, when the compound 1 Cp. Lat. eoceri <= socer et socrus. * Cp. Gk. dSt\<f>ol and Lat. fratres - ‘ brother and sister.’ 1 , C f.‘ ^ k * ‘ horse-taming,’ Lat. jtt-dex, * pointing out the law,’ ‘judgo.* 4 The past part. gata, ‘ gone to,’ is often used at the end of Tntpurusas in the sense of‘relating to/ ‘existing in’;—e.g. lmsta-gata , 1 held in the hand/ 172 DEPENDENT DETERMINATIVES VI 187 becomes a possessive;—e.g. V|IH^ 4 Tprapta-grama, lit.‘having a reached village.') 2. Instr. masa-purva,' earlier by a month *; svami-sadrsa, ‘like (his) master’ (cp. 199, 2 c); alpauna, deficient by a little ’=‘almost finished ’; ’ilf^flahi-hata, ‘ killed by a snake’; deva-datta/given by the gods’ (cp. d( 6 - 8 oror), commonly used as a proper name with an auspicious sense (Dieu- donne) and often denoting an indefinite person=‘so-and-so.’ 3. Dat. yupa-daru, n. ‘wood for a sacrificial post’; visnu-bali,m.‘offering to Visnu’; prabhu-hita, adj. ‘advantageous to the king.’ 4. Abl. svarca-patita, adj.‘fallen from heaven’; bhavad-anya, adj. ‘ different from you.’ 5. Gen. raja-purusa, m. ‘ king’s man ’; vyaghra-buddhi, f. ‘thought of (its being) a tiger.* 6. Loc. ^0^ uro-ja. adj .‘produced on the breast’; as va-kovida, adj.‘skilled in horses’; 1 ft grha-jata, adj. ‘ born in the house’; ^ I purvahna-krta, adj. ‘done in the fore¬ noon.* a. Some dependent compounds retain the case termination in the governed noun;—e. g.V^ni dhanam-jaya, adj. ‘ winning booty,’ m. as a proper name; ^parasmai-pada, n. ‘word for another ’; ^fd vacas-pati, m. ‘ lord of speech ■; gfafsr yudhi-sthira, adj. ‘ firm in battle,* m. as a proper name. b. If a root forms the last member of a Tatpurusa it undergoes no change except that ^tl a is shortened to ^1 a, while i, ^3 u, r add f^t (cp. 182, ifl);-e.g. vara-da, adj. ‘granting boons’ (^T da,‘give*); visva-ji-t, adj. all-conquer¬ ing’; ft*7ftc^karma-kr-t, adj.‘doing work,* ‘laborious.* c. At the end of a dependent, visesa, m. means ‘ special kind of,’ i.e. ‘choice,’ ‘pre-eminent’; similarly i, autara, n. VI 188 DEPENDENT DETERMINATIVES 173 ‘difference,’ generally means ‘other,’ sometimes ‘special,’ ‘par¬ ticular’;—e.g. tejo-vis'esa, m. ‘extraordinary splen¬ dour’; desaantara, n. ‘another country’; I <41 upayaantara, n. ‘a special means’; ^TTSTT^T^ bhasyaantara, u. ‘particular conversation.’ d. artha, m. ‘ object,* ‘ purpose,’ is often used adverbially at the end of dependents in the acc. and less commonly in the dat. and loc.;—e.g. damayanty-artham, ‘for the sake of Damayantl.* 2 b. Descriptive (Karmadharaya) Determinatives. l88. A descriptive determinative is one in which the first member describes the last, the syntactical relation of the former to the latter being that of a predicate. This relation may be expressed in three ways:— 1. By a Noun (in apposition);—e.g. rajysi, m. ‘king sage, i.e. royal sage’; strl-jana, m. ‘ women-folk.’ a. A title is thus sometimes compounded with a proper name; amatya-Raksasa, ‘ Minister Raksasa.* Oc¬ casionally the proper name comes first;—e.g. Sandill-matr, ‘ Mother Sandill.* b. The apposition often expresses a comparison;—e.g, jalada-syam a, adj. * dark as a cloud’; hima-sisira, adj. cold as ice ; I wijalaantas'-candra-capala,adj.‘fickle as the moon reflected in the water.* When both members are substantives the object with which a comparison is made is placed not at the beginning of the compound, but at the end;—e.g. purusa-vyaghra, m. ‘man-tiger,* i.e. ‘tiger-like man,’ human tiger*; vaft-madhu, n. ‘speech-honey,* i.e. homed speech pada-padma,n. ‘foot-lotus,’ i. e. ‘lotus¬ like foot.* x 74 descriptive determinatives VI 188 c. The past part. bhuta, ‘ become,’ ‘ existent,’ is often added, iu the sense of being,’ to an appositional substantive (which is thus turned into an adj.);-e.g. tamo-bhuta, ‘ existing in a state of darkness’; ratna-bhuta, ‘ being a jewel’ (cp. 184 b, note). a. By an Adjective; —e.g. sh krsna-sarpa, m. ‘black snake’; TlrH *T nllautpala, n. ‘blue lotus’; JT^TIjr ma- dhjaahna, m. midday ; ardha-miirga, m.‘half way’; vartamana-kavi, m. ‘living poet.’ a. Those compounds in which the adjective is a numeral are by the Hindu grammarians treated as a special class, called Dvigu ( two-cow’). They are generally neuters or feminines (in ^ I) expressing aggregatese. g. tri-loka, n. or tri-lokl, f. the three worlds.’ They may also become adjectives by being turned into possessives (189);—e.g. tri-guna, n. the three qualities’; adj. ‘possessing the three qualities.’ ^ purva, ‘ previous,’ is put at the end, instead of adverbially at the beginning,in the sense of ‘ before,’ after past participles;— e- g. IS# adj. ‘ seen before.’ c. At the beginning of a descriptive compound mahat becomes maha, while at the end rajau, ^fip^ahan, sakhi, TTf% ratri, become SHU, TT^ ( m - n -) respectively;—e.g. *nfTCT 5 Ti * great king’; ^^punyaaham, auspicious day’; ‘dear friend’; 4 ardha-ratra, m. * midnight.’ d. anyo-(a)nya and para-s-para, ‘one another,’ are a kind of irregular confound in which the nom. masc. form, due to frequent syntactical juxtaposition, became generalized; thus acc. sing. fein. = auya-anyam. 3. By an Adverb (inclusive of particles and prepositions);— VI 189 DESCRIPTIVE DETERMINATIVES *75 e g. su-jana, m. honest man ’; adlu-loka, m. ‘highest world’; ^TSTTcT a-jQata, adj. ‘ unknown ’; yathaukta, adj. as stated ’; evam-gata, adj.' thus faring.’ a. Compounds of this kind, when used in the acc. neuter as adverbs, are treated by the Hindu grammarians as a special class called Avyayi-bhava (‘ indeclinable state ’). Such are anu-rupam, ‘ conformably ’; yatha-sakti, ‘ according to ability sa-vinayam, ‘ politely ’; jlvam, 'for life,’ 3 . Possessive (B&lmvrilii) Compounds. 189. These compounds are essentially adjectives agreeing with a substantive expressed or understood. They are determinatives (generally of the adjectivally descriptive class) ending in substan¬ tives, which are made to agree in gender, number, and case with another substantive. Thus TOsftft bahu-vrlhi, m. ‘ much rice,’ becomes an adjective in the sense of ‘having much rice’ (an example used by the Hindu grammarians to designate the class). *E very kind of determinative can be turned into a possessive;— e *6- indra-satru, m.'foe of Indra’: adj.'having Indra a9 a foe ’; bhlma-parakrama, m. * terrible prowess ’: adj. 4 of terrible prowess *; f^[ tri-pdd, adj. 4 three-footed ’ (Gk. rp{- nod-, Lat. tri-ped-); adho-mukha, adj. 4 down¬ cast ’ (mukha, n. ‘ face’); ^a-putra, adj. 4 sonless ’; ^ sa-bhaiya, adj. ‘accompanied by his wife’ (bharya); tatha-vidha, adj. 4 of such a kind ’ (vidhi, m.); fjfar^dur-manas, adj. nom. m.f. (W-pcngr), ‘ill-minded,’ ‘dejected.’ a. In the Vedic language possessives were distinguished from determinatives by accent;-e.g. raja-putrd, 4 king’s son ’; rajd-putra, aaj. having kings as sons.* b. Possessives often come to be used as substantives or proper i 7 6 POSSESSIVE COMPOUNDS VI 189 names;—e.g. bu-krd, good-hearted,’becomes masc.‘friend’; saty 4 -sravas, adj. nom. m. ‘ of true fame,’ becomes the name of a man (cp. ’ Et<o-k\(tjs ). c. Possessives are often very intricate, containing several other compounds.