English
Thus [(vici-ksobha)-stanita-(vihaga-sreni)]-(kaflci- gunii) is based on an appositional descriptive consisting of two main parts. The second, ‘kaficl-guna,’ m.‘girdle-string,’ is a Tatpurusa. The first is an adjectival descriptive in which the Tatpurusa ‘vihaga-sreni,’ ‘row of birds,’ is described by ‘vlci- ksobha-stanita,’ ‘loquacious through wave-agitation.’ The latter is a compound Tatpurusa, in which ‘stanita’ is qualified by the simple Tatpurusa ‘vlci-ksohha,’ ‘agitation of the waves.’ 'jftrft- sltausna-kiranau, ‘moon and sun,’ is an example of a Bahuvriki which is used as a substantive and contains aDvandva. It is in reality a kind of contracted Dvandva (‘the cool and the hot-rayed ’ for ' the cool-rayed and the hot-rayed ’). d. Bahuvrlhis with a past participle at the beginning are syntactically often equivalent to a gerund or loc. absolute;—e.g. c2Trfi*T^r^ tyakta-nagara, ‘having the city left’ = nagaram tyaktva, ‘having left the city/ or •HPC nagare tyakte, ‘the city being left.’ e. Bahuvrlhis based on appositional descriptives often imply a comparison;—e.g.^*5^I*1 *1caudra^nana,‘moon-faced’; padmaaksa (f. I), ‘lotus-eyed.’ Inversion of the natural older does not take place here as in descriptives (cp. 188, 1 b). f. qpnj kalpa, m. ‘manner,’ and praya, m.‘chief part,’ are used at the end of Bahuvrlhis in the sense of like,’ almost ; e.g. amrta-kalpa, adj. ‘ambrosia-like’; I rfWHI prabhata-praya, adj.‘almost dawning.’ In the same position para and parama, adjectives meaning ‘highest,’ chief,’ used as substantives, signify ‘engrossed in,’ ‘intent on’ (lit. having VI ,8y POSSESSIVE COMPOUNDS 177 a* the chief thing’);—e.g. faming cinta-para, ‘immersed in thought.' 8 . *TRT matra, f. ‘ measure,* is used at the end of Bahuvrihis in the sense of ‘ only *e.g. •TT*T*TPIT namamatra narab, ‘ men bearing the name only.’ At the end of past participles it means ‘as soon as' ;-e. g. WTcTOT^: jata-matrafc satrufc/an enemy as soon as (he has) come into being.’ It is, however, generally e mployed as a neuter substantive in this way g. ^T*rR*Uala-matrara, ‘ water alone’ (lit. ‘that which has water for its measure ’). , bm 5di m - and prabhrti, f. ‘ beginning,’ adya, first ’ (used as a substantive), are employed at the end of Bahu¬ vrihis in the sense of ‘and the rest,’ ‘and so forth,’ ‘etcetera,’ ~ ly as adjectives and secondarily as substantives;—e.g. (V*T) (deva) Indraadayab, ‘(the gods) Indra and the rest (lit. having Indra as their beginning’); itUdi, n. eginmng thus ’ (i. e. with these words)=:‘and so on.’ P l, ro-gama, ^ purva, pura^-sara, ‘preceding’ - leader,’ are similarly employed in the sense of ‘preceded, led or accompanied by’;_e. g . ^ T: < the gods J ) n ra. ^ and are also used adverbially at the end of Bahuvrihis; e. g. ‘with the accompaniment of a ? nue smilingly’; bahumana-purabsaram, with respect,* respectfully.’ /. Words mea ning ‘hand’ replaced atthe end of posseaaivea — C g- ^^TfiST sastra-pani, 'weapon-handed,’ ’having a weapon "J? ’ h8nd ' : ku >—hMta, * with kusa-grasa in (his) " Plastically added to dharma, ‘ho ' 8rSCt0r> * n * T m515 ' V>'and,’ vm 3 ala house, ^ftHT aobha. 4 beat,tv * _ ■ . ’ POSSESSIVE COMPOUNDS VII 190 _ Vir<lk vara-vam-in, ‘of excellent colour.’ The adjectival suffix ^ ka is similarly often added, especially to unusual finals, as to words in ^ r, to feminines in ^ i (like nadl), and in the feminine to words in ^ in;—e.g. mrta-bhartr-ka, ‘ whose husband is dead sa-patni-ka, ‘accompanied by his wife.’ CHAPTER VII OUTLINES OF SYNTAX IQO. As the great bulk of the literature consists of poetry, the syntactical-arrangement of the Sanskrit sentence is primitive and undeveloped, as compared with Latin and Greek. Its main characteristic is the predominance of co-ordination, long com¬ pounds and gerunds constantly taking the place of relative and other subordinate clauses, while the oratio obliqua is entirely absent. Another feature is the comparatively rare use of the finite verb (frequent enough in the Vedic language), for which past participles or verbal nouns are very often substituted. There is also a marked fondness for passive constructions. A special feature of Sanskrit syntax is the employment of the locative absolute. The Order of Words. 191. The usual arrangement of words in a Sanskrit sentence i6:—first, the subject with its attributes (a genitive preceding its nominative); second, the object with its adjuncts (which precede it); and lastly, the verb. Adverbs or extensions of the predicate are commonly placed near the beginning, and unemphatic connective particles follow 3 VTI 192 the order of words 179 the first word;—.g. tSRUpg *sfN M*lt 5RTW ‘but Janaka went in haste to his own city.’ When there is a vocative, it generally comes first. Instead of the subject any other word requiring emphasis may be placed at the head of the sentence. g. TTTT eTOT W at night you must not enter the monastery.’ a. The subject, if a personal pronoun, is not expressed unless emphatic, being inherent in finite verbal forms. Even the general subj ect on e’ or ’they’ is often indicated by the verb alone - e.g.SniTrt one should say'; ’3JT1T: ’they say Wit is said.’ ’ b. The copula ’ 9 % ’is,’ unless the tense or mood has to he expressed, .s generally omitted. In that case the predicate pre¬ cedes its nounJffcren • the Di ,, bt (ifl) coW _, If (he predicate bears any emphasis, is used, not ’ffftrt ■_* B rfV inrer srht f*: * rafr femmi ’h Who rs distinguished by knowledge, penance, or birthTJZLy) to be respected by the twice-born.’ 1 }> w^d J comeT fi a ? ribUteS PreCCde th6ir n0UDS and th * qualifying , comes first m compounds, so a relative or other subordinate Similarly £ Wea “ h h “ 8 P ° WW ’ Article, person n nr • a '**©) mft 7i when referring psons or things just mentioned, be rendered by ’ the ’ •— \TWl the kin* ’ fnf _ ... —*g. i8o OUTLINES OF SYNTAX VII 193 H umber. 193 - • Singular collective words are sometimes used at the end of compounds to form a plural;—e.g. strl-jana, m. womenfolk = women.’ Such collectives are sometimes them¬ selves used in the plural;—e.g. or SpfaiT: ‘ the world,’ ‘ peoplq.’ 2. The dual number is in regular use and of strict application, the plural practically never referring to two objects. It is there¬ fore invariably employed with the names of things occurring in pairs, such as parts of the body;—e.g. ^ ‘the hands and the feet.’ A masc. dual is sometimes used to express a male and female of the same class;—e.g. fq?pfl ‘the parents of the universe’ (see 186, 3c, p. 171). 3. a. The plural is sometimes applied to others by the speaker or writer as a mark of great respect, *£*!*(. and taking the place of e.g. <H^f^ has your Majesty heard? ’ In this sense the plur. ‘ feet ’ is employed instead of the dual (cp. 193,2);—a.g. TR ‘he insults your Majesty(’s feet).’ Proper names are occasionally used in the same way;—e.g. I-fl!: ‘thus (says) the revered teacher Samkara.’ b. The 1. pers. pi. is sometimes used by the speaker referring to himself (like our editorial ‘ we ’) instead of the singular or dual (cp. 193, 2);—e.g. faiRrMI *i .* ‘we (=1) too ask something’; f^i ‘ what shall we (=you and I) do now ? ’ c. The names of countries are plural, being really the names of the peoples (like ‘Sweden ’ in English aud ‘ Sachsen ’ in German);— e. g. f^jfg ' in Vidarbha’ (Berar). In the singular the of the people often denotes the king of the country. name VII 1 94 NUMBER - l8t d. Some nouns are used in the plural only:—UPJ; f. ‘water* (96,1); MUTT. m. life ; f. the rains ' the rainy season * • ^TTT:nu‘ wife.’ Concord. 194. The rules of concord in case, person, gender, and number are in general the same as in other inflexional languages, but the following special points may be noted 1. The nominative withffTf may take the place of a predicative acc. governe d by verbs of calling, considering, knowing, &c. e - g- iff fa fa ‘ know me to be a Brahmin ’ (instead Of OTSPHi *TT faf%). a. When a dual or plural verb refers to two or more subjects the first person is preferred to the second or third, and the second person to the third ;-e.g. ?*** ^ ‘you and I go.* 3 - m. A dual or plural adjective agreeing with masc. and fern, substantives is put in the masc., but when neuters are associated with masculines and feminines, in the neuter (sometimes singular) ;-e.g. t he ch ase, dice ( aksafr), and drinking are reprehensible in kings ’ • TO TO* TOfN ^ a bird with clipped wings, a withered tree, a dried-up pond, a toothless serpent and a poor man are of equal account (neut. sing.) in (the eyes of) the world.* b. Occasionally an attribute or predicate takes the natural in- s<©ad of the grammatical gender e. g. fWTlfTTT: 5 F*T: thinking (masc.) of thee the subjects (fern.) have been reduced to taking no food.* c. As in Greek and Latin, a demonstrative pronoun agrees with ite predate in genderj-e.g. Tuft '(his (masc.) is the best counsel* (masc.). A participle need in piece of a finite verb, which ehould agree CONCORD VII 105 182 with the subject, may be attracted in gender by a substantive predicate if in close proximity with it;—e. g. ^ * thou (masc.) hast become (neut.) my friend’ (neut.). 4 - A singular collective noun is necessarily followed by a singular verb. Two singular subjects require a predicate in the dual, three or more require it in the plural. Occasionally, however, the pre¬ dicate agrees in number with the nearest subject, being mentally ^ITliedwith the rest;—e.g. oRTfiTOdt TO ^ Kantimatl, this kingdom, and my very life (are) at your mercy * (sing.). a.