English
with the passive of verbs which have the sense of accompany¬ ing, joining, endowing, possessing, and the opposite;—e.g. ‘accompanied by you;’ possessed or destitute of wealth ’; bereft of life. c. with adjectives expressive of identity, equality, or likeness: OTR, ^ ;-e. g. *R: ‘equal to Indra’; ‘like him’; ’JR 4 he is not even equal to the dust of my feet.’ The genitive is also used with these adjectives (cp. 202, 2d). VII 200 DATIVE 189 Dative. 200 . The dative case expresses either the indirect object, generally a person, or the pnrpose of an action. A. The dative of the indirect object is used— i. with transitive verbs, with or without a direct object:— Aof giving fcT.-'Srfa), telling (^, 7 &TW, P ro m in g N ** or ^T-^. showing VOW* 6 *6- *lf ‘he gives a cow to the Brahmin *; T* tell you the truth.’ b. of sending, castinge.g. fjft fWS: ‘a messenger was sent by Bhoja to Raghu’; TUTTC they cast (47) darts at Rama.* a. with intransitive verbs meaning to please (^^), desire ■ be y with (^^sr, gR., wr^), injure 6 it pleases me’; ‘I do not long for the kingdom ’; ‘ he is angry with his servant.* and when compounded with prepositions govern the acc.) 3 - with words of salutation ;-e.g. MMl 'salutation to ” a ° es j ’ ; $*{* ^ ‘ health ‘o '; tlHUI ‘ hail to Rama'; ^*<<1 ^ ‘welcome to her Majesty.’ B. The dative of pnrpose expresses the end for which an action “ very often equivalent to an infinitivee. g. 'he worships Hari for (= to obtain) salvation’; ^fj^jhe goes for (=to obtain) fruit'; ^njTftnnpri M^sr; JromTH ' your Honour (hu) full authority for the instruction of (= to instruct) my sons in the principle, of morality’; 'he started for a fight' ( = t0 ') i ' au revoir.’ 190 DATIVE vll 201 This dative is specially taken by verbs meaning— 1. ' be fit for,’ ‘ tend or conduce to ' Of*-**?■ **)* piety conduces to knowledge.’ ^^and 3 J[areused in the same way, but are often omitted;— e.g. 1*1 Fm ‘the combination even of the weak leads to safety’; mj I q ?fl IJ^^'your weapon (serves) for the protection of (=to protect) the distressed.’ 2. ‘ be able,* ‘begin,’ ‘strive,’ ‘resolve,’ ‘order,’ ‘appoint*;— e. g. ‘ this story was able to win over (akarsanaya) the warrior’; H l q <Vd he began to (take) an oath will try to find her’; rfH 41 he has resolved on abandoning his life’; ^fa 4 I<^Hl*Jlf< 3 iI ‘ having charged (a-disya) his daughter with the reception of the guests ’; I ‘he was appointed by the gods for the destruction of (=to destroy) Havana.’ a. The adverb ^pyT^ sufficient’ is used in the sense of ‘be able to cope with,’ ‘be a match for’;—e.g. ‘ Ilari (is) a match for the demons.* Ablative. 201 . The ablative primarily expresses the starting-point or source from which anything proceeds. It thus answers to the question ‘ whence ?’ and may in general be translated by ‘ from.’ E.g. w? ‘I Wish to depart from this forest MIMIrilVJ ‘ ruin results from sin ’ (papad); fH33TPT W. ‘he did not swerve from his purpose’ (niscayad); tjfifqd 13 he heard of the death of his son from his relations’; fTT I re¬ leasing her from her bonds’; fa<,*1 desist from this act ’; *TT •TT^TR{. ‘ protect me from hell.’ VII 2or ABLATIVE -I9I a. The source of apprehension is put in the ablative with verbs of fearing (jft, ud-vij) ;_e. g. you are afraid of the hunter’; tOTRT? a Brahmin should always shrink from marks of honour.’ *. Verbs expressing sep aration ‘ from ’ naturally take the abla- ^*5“*’ g> ‘ parted from you ’; STT ‘and she is deprived of her husband’s place* (such words also take the instr.: cp. 199, 2 b ). Allied to this use is that of 3^*. cbeat o f* (= so as to separate from); — e.g. q gjfint ^IT(( ‘ to cheat a Brahmin of his he-goat.’ c. As the abl. expresses the terminus a quo, it is employed with all words meanin g ‘far/ or designating the cardinal points;- © g- WHH'far from the village’; TOT fafr: the mountain (is) to the east of the village/ d. Similarly the abl. also expresses the time after which anythin g takes p lace ;_e. g. tfiftfg tTH-TTH; ' seen after a long tlme 5 ‘after a week.’ The abl. also expresses the following senses connected with its original meaning:_ i. the oanae, roaaon, or motive = ‘ on account of,* ‘ be- cauee of,’ through,’ ‘from’;_e.g. JTTO JT^rfTT ’he eats the flesh through greed.’ This use of the abl. is especially !TT n ’ ln commentarie s, with abstract nouns in 5T tva ;-e. g. l*V the mountain is fiery because of its smo mess. (The instr. is also employed in this sense: 199 1 ) a. comparison 1 “■ " ith com P^atives ( =* than') or words with a comparative meanrn g; -e.g.^^ T?TT ^ f ^_ n . ; ■ ESffiai8more , eliraed than Govrnda ’; ^ ^’ knowledge is superior n this sense it is used even with positives (=‘in comparison with’);_e.g. HT* ^ ^ •. 192 ABLATIVE VII 202 wife is dear even in comparison with (i. e. dearer than) the whole world ’; ^TTTftr %rrifa ‘ hearts harder even than adamant, more tender even than a flower.’ b. with words meaning ‘other’ or different’ (^SRI, ^rPC, e.g. ‘Govinda is different from Krsna.* • • • c. Allied to the comparative abl.ia that used with multiplicative words like ‘double,’ ‘treble,’ &c.;—e.g. Jj^SUr^ M ^ i!?l ‘ a fine five times (in comparison with) the value.’ Genitive. 202 . The primary sense of the genitive is quasi-adjectival, since its qualification of another substantive means ‘belonging to’ or ‘connected with.’ It may generally be expressed in English by the preposition ‘of.’ With substantives the gen. is used in a possessive, subjective, objective, or partitive sense;—e.g. TT^’ ‘ the king’s man ’; ‘ your con¬ cealment of Raksasa’s wifq* (i. e. ‘ by you’); ^ ( cRTT by the supposition of her’ (i.e. supposing it was she’); ^ITTO- rTTH the foremost of the wealthy.’ 1. The gen. is used with a number of verbs ; — a. in the possessive sense with Is, be master of,’ ' have power over,’ and with ^ ‘be.’f^T exists ’;—e.g. imfwrfa ‘I shall be master of myself’; *R I have a book.’ b. in the objective sense (concurrently with the acc.) with have mercy,’ ‘remember, imitate ’;—e. g. ^r!T^ may these men have mercy on you ’; he remembers your favours’; tarrfa I will imitate Bhlma.’ VII 202 GENITIVE *93 c. in the objective sense (concurrently with the loc.) with verbs meaning ‘do good or harm to’ faq-fi, qjq-Si, ‘trust in’ (fq-^^), ‘forbear with’ fa* 0 ;—e.g. fqqmj |*^ ‘benefiting his friends’; fqi qqT d?qT ^ Hgid^ ‘how have I done her an injury?’ ^ ‘forbear with me.’ d. with verbs meaning ‘speak of’ or ‘expect of’;—e.g. d^fd he speaks thus of me though I am guiltless ; *s 4 *i *<4 *t*t lanything may be expected of that fool.’ c. frequently (instead of the dat. of the indirect object) with verbs of giving, telling, promising, showing, sending, bowing, pleasing, being angry; —e. g. cTOTHq ‘ I have grante d safetyto him ’ (tasya); flfi qq ftqq qq: ‘does he please you ? *4*11*1(055^ * the sage (is) not very angry with me' (mama). *' sometimes (instead of the instr.)with verbs meaning 'be filled or satisfied’;-e.g. *nfa*|U|f?l qiUfMIH ‘fire is not satiated with logs.’ So also the past part, 'full of’ (gen.), or ‘ filled with ’ (instr.). a. The gen. is frequently used with adjectives , *' allied t° transitive verbs;—e.g. q^q^J old age is destructive of beauty.’ b. meaning depend ent ^on/ ‘belonging or attached to,’ ‘dear *° ’ e, 6* WTRIrn Wnl'til‘that remedy depends on you’ (tava); ^ *J^ld*lf*rf eft^ ‘give up wh atever you have taken belonging to him ’ (asya); qft w f y^f fqqj 'who, pray, is dear to kings?* c. meaning ‘acquainted with/ ‘versed or skilled in/ ‘ac- cuatomed to* (concu rrently with the loc.: 203/) e. g.qrf^J ‘yoH are, indeed, conversant with the ways of the world*; WHTTOTT^ ‘unskilled o GENITIVE VII 202 I94 in battle ’; ■^fsnrt people accustomed to hard¬ ships.* d. meaning ‘like* or ‘equal to’ (concurrently with the instr.: 199, 2 c);—e. g. MW * Kama is equal to Krsna.’ 3. The gen. expresses the agent with passive participles a. past participles having a pres, sense, formed from roots meaning ‘think,’ ‘know,* ‘worship’; — e.g. (‘well thought of ’=) ‘ approved of kings ’; ‘you are known to the hermits to be staying here.’ b. future participles (which also take the instr.: 199);—e.g.Jffi (*r?rr) ‘ Hari should be worshipped by me.’ 4. The gen. is used with adverbs of direction in °rT^-tas (cp. 177 d); —e.g. <r^OId: ‘to the south of the village’; sometimes also with those in °Tpr -ena (concurrently with the acc.);—e.g. ‘to the north of this’ (asya) place. 5. The gen. of time is used in the following ways:— a. with multiplicatives (108) or other numerals similarly used it expresses how often anything is repeated within a stated period;—e. g. AilI'Q ‘ he should offer the funeral sacrifice three tiroes a year’; ®^ ‘ a Brahmin should perform at least one severe penance a year.’ b. Words denoting time are put in the gen. (like the abl.) in the sense of *after’; —e.g. (kati-payaabasya), after some days’; 3iTW ‘after a long time’: is also used alone in this sense. c. A noun and past part, in the gen., accompanying an ex¬ pression of time, have the sense of ‘since’;—e.g. ‘to-day (is) the tenth month since our father died’ (uparatasya). This construction is akin to the gen. absolute (205, 2). VII 203 GENITIVE 195 6. Two genitives are employed to express an option or a differ¬ ence between two things;—e. g. ^ ‘ of vice and death, the former is called the worse *; ‘ this is the only difference between you (the long-lived) and India/ Locative. 203.