English
The locative denotes either the place where an action occurs, or, with verbs of motion, the place whither an action is directed. The former sense may variously be translated by ‘in. at, on, among, by, with, near,’ the latter by ‘into, upon*; corresponding to Lat. in with abl. and acc. respectively. The following are examples of the ordinary use of the loc. in the sense of 1 where ?’ ‘ binis live in that tree*; ‘inVidarbha’(i93 f 3c); STPIT^TOTfa * I will kill myself at your door ’; ' at Kasi’(Benares); <grg * fruit (is) seen on the trees ’; 'they encamped on (= close to) the Ganges*; ** ^ 1.3*^ fa neither, among gods, nor Yaksns, or among men either, had such a beauty anywhere been seen before’; WRf ‘by my side/ a. When the loc. means ‘among* it is often equivalent to a partitive gen.(202);—e. TOflRITO: ‘among (= of) all the sons Bama is dearest to me.* b. The person * with * whom one dwells or stays is put in the loc.;—e.g. TOf?T * he lives with his teacher/ c. The loc. with the verbs * stands ’ and 4 goes on ’ (= Lat. versatur) expresses ‘abides by,* ‘complies with*;—e.g. *T ^ fdtjRl you do not (stand by=) obey my command * • 1 comply with your mother’s desire/ 196 LOCATIVE VII 203 <LThe loo. is used to express the effect ‘of ’ a cause;—e.g. 1 ^iT<illfate alone (is) the cause of the prosperity or decline of men.’ e. The lot*, expresses contact with verbs of seizing by fastening to (^*^), clinging or adhering to , f^T^, ), leaning on, relying.on or trusting to;—e.g.^g ‘seizing by the hair ; M | (if) ‘taking by the hand’; <|% TJT^j ‘he fastened a noose to tho tree’; ^5.* ‘a hero not addicted to vices’; ‘reclining on the roots of ,rees ; f*t f?T ^ * 10 ,rnsts in his enemies’; ' the gods fix their hopes of victory on his bent how.’ t The lot*, is used (concurrently with the gen.: 202, 2 c) with adjectives meaning ‘acquainted with,’ ‘versed or skilled in’;— o.g. ^ Bama (is) skilled in the game of dice’; "fT’Sf c(^CT ' we (are) export in acting.’ The loc. is used figuratively to express the person or thing in which some quality or state is to be found;—e.g. ^ ^WT^TT- I look for everything in him’ (cp. 202, id); MI f+lfl hunting (is) recognized as sinful in a prince’; there is no harm in (giving) advice to tho afflicted.’ Similarly, when the meaning of a word is explained, the loc. expresses in the sense of’;—e.g. ImV ‘kalapa (is used) in the sense of peacock’s tail.’ h. The circumstances in which an action takes place are ex¬ pressed by the loc.;—e.g. ‘in case of distress’; in fortune’; (‘in the presence of’=) there being openings, misfortunes multiply.’ ' In the last example the loc. expresses tho reason; if it were accompanied by a predicative participle, it would bo a loc. absolute (cp. 205, I a). VII 204 LOCATIVE 197 /. The loc. of time, expressing when an action takes place, is only a special application of the preceding sense;—e.g. ‘in the rainy season night *; every day/ /. The loc. expresses the distance at which anything takes place ;-e. g. Vtft Wfif.. . 'STHTtHWl ‘the great sage lives at (a distance of) a yojana and a half from here.’ 204. The loc. answering to the question ‘whither ?’ is always used with verbs of falling and placing; concurrently with the (lat., with those of throwing and sending (200 A1 b ); and, concurrently with the acc., with those of going, entering, ascending, striking, bringin g, sendin g;-e,g. miTtf ‘lie fell on the ground’; ^ t ‘ ha ' jng put (it) in that same begging ho"'l ; ‘ placing his hand on his breast ’ ‘ do,’ is frequently used in the sense of putting); ‘he darts arrows at his enemy’; ^ ‘the fish entered the river’; WlMqtfR ^ 3Tf%cT: ‘he set out for a neighbouring town ’‘ he struck him on the head. Secondary applications of this loc. are the following a. It expresses the person or object towards which an action ■s d,reeled or to which it refers = ‘towards.’ ‘about,’ ‘with regard to’;—. g. UTf^ gfor ‘the good show compassion towards animale beings’; Hcf courteous to your attendants'; %% ‘they are dispuiiug about a field/ r 0 *. Concurrently with the dal. (and gen.), it expresses the in- 0 .rect object with verbs of giving, telling, promising, buying, selling (cp.200Ala; 202, *);—, promised (it) to Indra’; MR* ‘having sold himself to a rich man ’; ^ •, tcac ,, cr imparts knowledge to an intelligent pupil.’ ig8 LOCATIVE VII 205 c. Concurrently with the dat. (200 B 1, 2), it may express the aim of an action with words expressive of striving after, resolving on, wishing for, of appointing, choosing, enjoining, permitting, of being able or fit for;—e.g. an enemy prepared for the appropriation of all property *; ‘he appointed (him) to a task ’; rT^ ‘ she chose him for her husband’; WWf‘he is incapable of supplying food for us’; crf^ ‘the sovereignty even of the three worlds is fitting for him.’ A predi¬ cative loc. alone is capable of expressing fitness;—e.g. •tqcqi* >nfHbrot sovereignty befits a man who is en¬ dowed with worldly wisdom, liberality, and heroism.* The loc. is sometimes used with verbs which do not in themselves imply an aim, to express the object gained as the result of an action;— e.g. ‘ he kills the panther for the sake of (obtaining) his skin.’ d. Nouns expressive of desire, devotion, regard, friendship, confidence, compassion, contempt, neglect, aie often connected with the loc. (as is also the gen.) of the object to which those sentiments are directed;—e.g. *T U! *i*i I ‘ my love is, indeed, not towards Sakuntala ’; ^ f^RTTO ‘I have no faith in you’; *T ^rra:' neglect of duties, however small, should not be indulged in.’ c. The loc. is similarly used with adjectives or past participles meaning ‘ fond of,’ 4 devoted to,’ ‘ intent on,’ and their opposites ;— e.g. ‘ women (are) intent on their own pleasure only.’ Locative and Genitive Absolute. 205. 1. The locative is the usual absolute case in Sanskrit, and has much the same general application as the Greek genitive VII 205 LOCATIVE ABSOLUTE 199 and the Lat. ablative absolute ;—e. g. ‘as the days went by’; *Fl*J H *Ri; ‘ the cows having been milked, he departed she gives ear when I speak.* a. The predicate of the absolute loc. is practically always a participle; the only exception being that the part. being,* is frequently omittede. g. OTTt ‘ how (can there be any) interference with the good in the performance of their duties, when you (are) their protector ? * b. The part. ‘ being ’ (or its equivalents *1 and f*gRT) is often pleonastically added to another absolute part.;—e.g. at sunrise, when the owls had become blind.* c. The subject is of course always omitted when a past pass, part, is used impersonally; it is also omitted when the part, is ac¬ companied by indeclinable words like ?TOT, _ e.g. ‘when consent had been given by him*; ipj ‘ this being the case * (lit. 4 it having gone thus *); 7TOT *rfcT or ‘ this being done.* d. The particle and the noun (as latter member of a compound) may be used after an absolute participle to express ‘no sooner—than,’ ‘scarcely—when*;—e.g. scarcely bad it dawned, when’; no sooner had his Honour entered, than.* a. The gen. absolute is much less common than the loc. and more limited in its application. It is restricted to contem¬ poraneous actions, the subject being a person and the predicate a present participle in form or sense. Its meaning may be ren¬ dered by ‘ while,* ‘ as,* or ‘ though *;—e. g. TOftt % wandering about, though I was looking on *; while he was speaking thus, the huntAr 200 PARTICIPLES VII 206 remained concealed 1 ; -PHI rfamfrrRg: while he was thus reflecting women came there to fetch water.’ 205 . Participles are constantly used in Sanskrit to qualify the main action, supplying the place of subordinate clauses. They • may, a* in Latin and Greek, express a relative, temporal, causal, concessive, or hypothetical sense. A final sense is also expressed by the future participle. All these meanings are inherent in the participle, without the aid of particles, except that is usually added when the sense is concessive. E-g- 1^1, 'ddfxf ‘the jackal, being filled with anger, said to him’; fdf*T^T ^TR^Tjft d aguftfq though you have been frequently dissuaded by me, you do not listen to me’; STRrT^t f^T 'if you do not tell, though knowing it, your head wall be shattered to pieces ; d dd. he ran again at Bhlma in order to strike him.’ a. Bahuvnhi compounds are very frequently employed in a par¬ ticipial sense, the part. being omitted;—e.g.'^S( 7 f ^rf^rTSTr^ ‘ then being anxious he reflected.’ 207. Present Participle. This participle (as well as a past with a present sense)is used with or ‘is,’ ‘sits,’ fnvf?r stands,’ goes on,’ to express continuous action, like the English ‘is doing’;—e.g. dd HTT ‘ this is the very forest in which we formerly dwelt for a long time’; ‘ he keeps eating *; ^fT <*TTWT fdyfd ‘she is being carefully guarded ’; ‘this pot is filled with porridge.’ VII 2 o8 PARTICIPLES 201 a. The negative of verbs meaning ‘to cease’ is similarly construed with a present participle;—e. g. f*nft *pTT*t. 'the lion did not cease (=kept) slaying the animals.’ b. Verbs expressing an. emotion such as ‘to be ashamed,’ ‘to endure, may be accompanied by a pres. part, indicating the cause of the emotion;—e.g. ^ ^TRJT: ‘are you not ashamed of speaking thus ? * c. A predicative present (or past) part, accompanies the acc., or the nom. in the passive construction, with verbs of seeing, hearing, knowing, thinking, wishing (cp. 198, 1);—e.g. TTt^l ^ one saw me entering’; 1*1 ‘ the king one day heard some on e rep eating a couple of s'lokas*; *TP*W!