English
wither, orlR^andWcRwiththe instr. (180). Optative or Potential. 2l6. Besides its proper function this mood also expresses the various shades of meaning appropriate to the subjunctive (which has become obsolete in Sanskrit). 1 . In principal sentences it expresses the following mean¬ ings :— g< ^(fa . *• * wh3h (often with the particle '^(fa added) '0 that I could see Rama hereL A. possibility or doubt ‘ per- haps he may bo awaken ed by the lowing of the cows 1 ; M \ kings can see through th A AVA Af 4keii. 208 OPTATIVE-BENEDICTIVE VII 217 spies’; X^i TT V^dl ‘the arrow shot by an archer may hit an individual, or may not hit him.’ c. probability, being often equivalent to a future;—e.g. *11 d ‘ this girl (is not likely to = ) will not stay here.’ d. exhortation or precepte. g. ‘ do you act thus ’; ‘one should save wealth against calamity.’ 2 . The optative is used in the following kinds of subordinate clauses:— a. in general relative clauses;—e. g. dil<d lfctqi*Itli ‘the king who (= every king who) does not neglect the time for the payment of salaries.’ b. in final clauses (‘in order that’);—e.g. Wf^ 3 X ^ *T 3 T indicate to me the place where I am to live’ (=that I may live there). c. in consequential clauses (‘so that’);—e.g. *fr n 44 n<^(i < (only) such a burden should be borne as may not weigh a man down.’ d. iu the protasis (as well as the apodosis) of hypothetical clauses, with the sense of the Lat. present (possible condition) or imperfect (impossible condition) subjunctive (cp. 218);— e. g. *KMfd^ d) ‘ if there were not a king, the state would founder like a ship.’ Benedictive or Frecative. 217. This rare form (150), a kind of aorist optative, is properly restricted to the expression of blessings, or, in the first person, of the speaker’s wish;—e. g. qUwm Tffin:' mayst thou give birth to a warrior’; gtd l fff ^T^*i‘may I become successful.’ The imperative is also employed in this sense (215 c ). In a few rare VII 2i8 CONDITIONAL 209 cases the benedictive is indistinguishable in meaning from an f*rrer‘do ye proclaim this speech*Tf^ for I do not perceive what should drive away my sorrow.’ imperative or an ordinary optative;—e.g. Conditional. 2 l8. The conditional, as its form (an indicative past of the future) well indicates, is properly used to express a past condition, the unreality of which is implied, and is equivalent to the pluperfect (conditional) subjunctive in Latin or English, or the aorist indicative, used conditionally, in Greek. It is employed in both protasis and apodosise. g. 1*1 if there had been abundant rain, there would have been no famine.’ If a potential is used in the protasis, a con¬ ditional in the apodosis may acquire the sense of a hypothetical present (= imperf. subjunctive);—e. g. * 3 ^ ' if the king did not inflict punishment, the strong would roast the weak like fish on a spit.* APPENDIX I LIST OF VERBS The order of the parts of the verb, when all are given, is: Present (pr.)> Imperfect (imp.), Imperative (ipv.), Optative (op.); Perfect (pf.), Aorist(Ao.); Future (ft.); Passive (ps.), present, aorist, participle (pp.); Gerund (od.); Infinitive (inf.); Causa¬ tive (cs.), aorist; Desiderative (ds.); Intensive (int.). The Roman numerals signify the conjugational class of the verb; P. indicates that the verb is conjugated in the Parasmai- pada ouly, A. that it is conjugated in the Atmauopada only. 'bend,’ I, P. II ps. "<|'^ | pp. I cs II ^?§T x anj, ‘anoint,’ VII, P. ^Ntdi I imp. | ipv. I op. II ps. | pp. | cs. II ad, ‘eat/ II, P. ^rf%T , | imp. ^i<v i ipv. ^r^Tfd, i op. || ft. I ps. | pp. n. ‘food ’) I gd. I inf. I cs. II an, ‘breathe,’ II, P. I imp. * 4 |or ” 4(1 d.*, or I ipv. WTf^T, I op. 4 (*lld,B cs. ^M^fd II as, ‘attain/ V, 4 (^fd, ” 4 J^(c| | A. imp. WSpTT.', W?pT I IPV.VSI^, 'VW'xl, VgcTT^I op.^sjflfl II re. N LIST OF VERBS 211 V^as, ‘eat,’ IX, P.^RTfTTI lev.^jfd, WT^T, I op. U pf. | ao. -^nfH | rr. | PS. | PP. *|f!|d 1 OD. I XNP. CS. I os. ^ r R ii qrd ii ^as,‘be,’ ii, p.^rftr, ^rflr, w:,*sr:; *u:, imp. ^wm, i xpv. wrf^r, nfv, ^pg; wr, Wfi., ^tr; wr, ^r, i op. ^tr, ^it:, ^TTd:; ^ld*^, ^TdR; ^R, Wrf, n pf.^IR, w*; wftnr, ^iRg:, x zm, ^ng: ii ^ as, ‘ throw,’ IV, P. ^*gfd II pf. ^Sf, &c., like ^‘be’l ao. WWl,I it. | ps. | ao. TSRfa | TOI cs. ^TSmfd || 5 P ‘obtain,’ V, P. ^isfifd I imp. I ipv. ^JR- qifd,^ rc^, ^rtg i op. ^nsj^id^ii pf. w*j i ao. w*ri ^I ^Hf J i w. I | OD. W^T, | wg^l CS. ^lPR[f?| | DS. t^n 5s . ‘ s >t.’ II. A. All iff | mp. AIIM | ipp. AiraTH t op. All^ln II pf. W^i | ft. Allftiuft | ps. ^ HjlTt | pp. *hR|( 1 I Airefa irreg. pres. part. A. I isf. AllfiltJ*^ || T i. g°* II. P* Ufa, lifA, tytTf; ; ^4(n I imp. A||4JI(j ,? ir*H.i ipv. Aj^nR, Tff.Hij; vik; op.^nniipv.^rni. tg:irr.in?ft; ipn i ps.i^ i pp.ttt i t^t. ?w i ng^i cs.^rafiin AT(St adhij,* read,’ II, A. 1 ap. AT§ 7 T J 3 . du. V^T- 3 - pl - i '*rm^ ) AnJhn, Aivftmu p a 212 APPENDIX I w^tctr;! op. whfto ii ao. ; 3 . du. ^dT- fTR.; 3. pi. ^TW^fT I ft. | ps. I pp. df\ftd | cs. ^TWTWfd II TH. idh or ^ indh, ‘ kindle,’ VII, A. | imp. I rpv. ?/f^, | op. II ft. | rs. I pp. Tl* II T\i?,‘wish,’ VI.PR^fa I iMP.TJT^dJI pf. J ^[J | ao. l£d\d. | rr. TrfM^fd I ps. i^rl | pp. TH I inf. | cs. Ijd*jfd || Iks, see,’ I, A. | imp. T^Jd II pf. f^TR% I AO.^f^ | FT. 1 PS. | AO. 1 rp. ^f^ld I tf^gm cs. tWrt II 11s, ‘ burn, ’ I, P. | IMP. #T??T II ao. '3(1 cHc^l ps- | pp. || ^ r, ‘go,’ vi, p. 1 imp. w#d: 11 pf- wr> mfry, ^R ; &c. | TP. ^d | cs. ^Jlfafd II ^£^ ed h.‘grow,’ I, A. | iMP.l^Vd I ipv. \IVIdlH I TC^tcT II PF. TJVT^RT I VfVrT | Ttfvjijd; I WflT I ns. II dPR. kam, ‘love,’ A. (no present) || pf. or dTRTOf^li I rr. 1 pp. ^rr*rT 1 cs. drr*rc^ 11 ddRkasV shine,’ I, A. diTSF* II I ^TrflpT I ^TJFlfir II kf, ‘ do,’ VIII, oRVfdj 5’^*’ I 0 <t > > *^^* 5 * 1 1 > fftv* ^0(31 ^<^1^ > ^^*3 1 op.^r^Td.ii pf- ^^tr (138)1 ao.^ srarntd.,^rarreT.*, ^srarrdfd .> ^rarrsJ, ^3RT^d.> ^^isi+t; i LIST OP VERBS 213 gnft, j$%; grift 1 ’WffC *I3> v*t: ,jVf^r; ^igrif%; ’sgrin 1 g^, w; grium 1 op. gr^fa 11 pf.^% ( , 3 8) i ao . wft, w^n:, -^re>rr; ; wvn 1 ft. ^rfr^ 1 k. fti^u o. ’srarrfx; 1 pp. sm 1 c . ^t^t, °?rar 1 m 1 . sfiHTJfa 1 ao. 1 d S . n ®n.krt, •out,’ VI, P. anrfTT || pp. ^ I ^lfd I rs. @31 % I pp- STfTI cs.^jfll | ds. f ^Mpd II M. k r s, jhaw ,’ I, P. ; ■ plough,’ VI, P. ^TtlffT || pp. *ns$, ^■r4<t, ^ -, Tjarip* I rr. ^Jifd I PS. srcETFt 1, 5 iWT, ° 8 TO I isf. | cs. Sfifcrfir || fk^-scatter,’ VI, P. ftirtfft || PF . , ps- •♦ridfi 1 1 od. 11 k 'P- ' be abl .' I. A. || PP. ^ I p-r. , pp. <|H I cs. I AO. || ^Lkram, ‘stride,’ I, UrmfH, UTOft II pp. ^RTR, , AO. 1 FT.jsfiraffiT, oft , re . , , rrf ^ Ti **? 1 “• ur mtnrn I . f^nsfSnrfft 1 ,t.W nra, srspift 11 ^ kl l ' bu *’ Ix - ( P . ,02 ) 11 pp. ftro, 1 "• ^ 1 ** 1 **"• I % 3 ^ I B V II " ■qn.ksan, • km,’ VIII, vmfrm, ^ )rr .^ „ ^ k - ! l' destroy ’’ V ’ P - fWtm U ps. I pc. f^Irf | cs. ^TOfTT or (j ^ k?ip ’‘ thr “ w ’ VI ’ .ft 1 ,rv. t^ntxir, fvft, 214 APPENDIX I pf. f^Jq, fafVt* I rr. | ps. | | GD. r^ -c 4 f , °f^qi I ist. I cs. %q^f?r I ds. || ksubh, ‘ quake,’ IV, ^ifTT, || pf. xf^pT I pp. ^fcT or I cs. n T^khan, 4 dig,’ I, TRfa, °?t \\ pf. WR ; TO: I rr. V f qjf?T | ps. 4 T*q"^ or 411^1 r| | pp. < 41 d I 4 hcm or ^f^TWT, °^Tq I ^rg^l CS. M M^frl II khad, 4 eat,’ I, P. 11 pf. TOT^ I rr. 411 I ps. i pp. ^if^ci i cs. ^T^qfrr i ds. fwrf^qf?T II WT khya, ‘tell,’ II, P. ^SnfTT I ipv. sixo. 2. <51*1(5, ^||rj II pf.toPT; toj: i ao. tor;i rr.^n^rfTT i ps. wr*ft i wnri °^jrq I WT<pl 1 CS. TOfrl, , D3 . f^r^TRTfVT II *T^[ gad, ‘speak,’ I, P.*T^fd II pf.W^TT^ I I I TTf^rT | Tjf^rpU cs. | ds. I int. oTR^ II gam, ‘ go,’ I, P. II (138, 7 ) I ao. ^RRq;i rr. JTftnqfTT ; RT I ps. | *R I TOT, °TO or °.TO I TRp^l cs. I os. t^RfaqfTT I wr. fnf \ sfl'g'Wcl II gab, ‘plunge,’ I, A. II pf. 1 FT. >Mff^ I ps. | pp. *11 <0 or JTTffrl | GD. °*rm 1 cs. *n^qfrf II 3 f guh, ‘hide,’ I, JpffTT, II PF. ^Tf I AO. I rs. 3^1^ 1 pp. 3^ 1 od - °3W 1 ivf - 1 **• 11 Jlr gai, ‘sing,’ I, ITrqftl, ll PF. ^nft, 3TJt 1 AO. ^rr^u rr. mmfh 1 ps. 1 1 od. *ft?TT, i ^f. I cs. 11 TR^grath or ^•^gi-anth, ‘tie,’ IX, P. q^JTfH II ps. <lWc( I ^fvER i gd. °xm 1 cs. TRqfd or 4**Rfd n ^ grah, ‘take,’ IX, ^TTfTT, I ipv. 3^3 11 LIST OF VERBS 215 PF. I AO. I rr. TJ^Qffrf , ; I PS. *n?P^ I ^VfT | OD. 'JJtfl'FH , °^I I IKF. I cs. t4|^^f<1, °% | AO. I'fe'Wj DS. f^rfTf, II glai, 4 droop,’ I, P. T^TT^fH II pp. T*TTT I cs. 4 ^HM 3 |fri or II ^ghs,‘sound,’ I,tftq(r| , U ps. I ^ I od. | cs.^t^rfTT (I m ghra, ‘smell,’ I, P. fayfa || pf. | ps. I WTcT I . || ^caks, ‘speak,* II, A. xf& ; pl. ^7* l) PF’. I FT. | GD.o^I I I C3. ^^rfTT II ^ car, ‘move,’ I, P. ^^fcl || pf.^K, ^Vi} ; 3. pl. ”• 'ql\ifn l PS. ^5^ 1 I OD. ^f^T, , xx f. I cs. I AO. H ^^cal, ‘ move,’ I, P. || pf. ^TST 1 3 . pl. %g: | ft. ^fSTOfTT I pp. ^rfW<{ I I a. ^PlfTT or | DS. f^f^RfTT II ci, ‘collect,’ V, || pf. | ft. ; %fTT I PS. 1 f^7T I OD. f^TT, ofTO I IXF - %<fl I re. I DS, for || fan^cint, 4 think,’ X, P. 1| per. pf. | ps. | | od. f^nifq^T, °f^W || ^ cur, ‘steal,’ X, P. 'qHqfa II **. pf. | AO , I W ^rfxTT a f^^chid, 4 cut; vii, f^iifar ; n pf. , * AO - o r I rr. ^c^^ | ps. 1 I OD * t^rSTT, °f^.| iKr.^^l cs. || 2 l6 APPENDIX I jan, ‘ be born,’ IY, A. || pf. qf% I ao. | rr. ; WfiRT I pp. ^1(1 I cs. ^Rf?T, °% | AO. | D3. fwwfdift ii ^T5jagr,‘awake,’II,P.(i 3 4A4)^rf3; ^Tr^cT:; STRATI imp. WR:, wr: ; wiJjdin; wpr: i 1PV - Wlnjf<!i , , WR<$ II ff. 3 RRR or WRTRRI rr. WRfl^fW I PP. WRRcT I cs. WKWftt (| ji, ‘conquer,’ I, P. (A. with IRT and fa) 3Rfa || pf. fa- ^tr ; fafaR; f^rrg: i A o. i ft. gfaifa i ps.