English
T Wgft \l many daughters of royal sages are recorded to have been wedded according to the marriage of the Gandharvas.* 208. Past Participles. The passive part, in H and its active form (161; 89, n. 3 ) in ^(but hardly ever the perf. act. part, in 89) are very frequently used as finite verbs (the copula being omitt ed) ;-e. g. ■ thi8 w „ 8ajd b him . ^ he said this.’ a. The passive of intransitive verbs is used impersonally; other- its Past participle has an active sense;—e.g. stood there for a longtime’; * *m: ‘he went to the Ganges’; * Xlfa ^cf; ‘he di ed on the way# . b. Some past participles in cT have both a passive and a transi- tiveactive sense ;-o. g. *1* ‘obtained’ and ‘having reached’; , 6 entered (W and ‘having entered’; ‘imbibed’ and having drunk’; ‘forgotten’ and ‘having forgotten’; 202 PARTICIPLES --—- vir 209 ‘divided’ and ‘having divided’; ‘begotten’ and ‘having borne’ (f.); ‘ridden/ &c., and ‘riding,’ &c. c. The past participles in *T never seem to occur with a transi¬ tive active meaning. 209. Futnre Participles Passive. These (162) express necessity, obligation, fitness, probability. The construction is the same as with the past pass, part.;—e.g. 7 TOM 39 $11 InK ‘I must needs go to another country’; *f ^ ‘you must not (= do not) kill me, 0 king’; 7 TrT% i TTfa ‘then he too will surely make a noise.* a. Occasionally the fut. pass. part, has a purely future sense;— e- g-'I too shall go with ease by the strength of your wings.’ b. and *11°^+^ (from 3 ^ ‘ be ’) are used impersonally to express necessity or high probability. The adjective or sub¬ stantive of the predicate agrees with the subject in the instr.;— e.g. tffaffrTOT ‘she must be ( = is most probably) near’; rf^ * the strength of that animal must be very great.’ 210. The Indeclinable Participle (Gernnd) nearly always expresses that an action is completed before another begins (rarely that it is simultaneous). Referring to the grammatical or the virtual subject of the main action, it generally agrees with the nom., or, in the passive construction, with the instr., but occasionally with other cases also;—e.g.TT ‘having bowed down to him, he departed’; rt^TlHpl, irnUT: ^fr^nfrri ‘then he throwing himself upon him lost his life ’ (flftjUJ agrees with ?tT); xj 1 ((tt ‘ his love increased as soon as he had seen the sweetly smiling maiden’ (<gfJT agrees with cT^T). a. It may frequently be translated by ‘ in * or ‘ by ’ with a verbal VII 211 PARTICIPLES 203 noun;—e. g. JfJ f^i 4 what would you gain by killing a poor man like me ? * This use represents the original sense of the form as an old instrumental of a verbal noun. b. Having the full value of inflected participles, it may express the various logical relations of the latter, and may even be accompanied, like them, by to express continuous action;—e. g. ‘he is the foie- most of all the townsmen.* c. A number of gerunds are equivalent in sense to preposi¬ tions (179). d. The original instr. nature of the gerund is preserved in its employment with f^ or or with a general subject ex¬ pressed by the impersonal passive construction;—e.g. fsfi cfcf jftl<ifa*n ‘ what (gain accrues) to you by concealing? ’ ^ *r^TT ‘have done with going to the forest’; if-one goes to heaven bv killin (T ATI? mole 9 Infinitive. 20. This frequent form expresses the aim of an action and may in general be used wherever the dative of purpose is employed (200 B). It differs from the dative of an ordinary verbal noun solely ingoverning its object in the acc. instead of the gen.;—e.g. ‘he strives to conquer him ’=cRI 5 RTTO ‘he strives for the conquering of him.* It preserves its original acc. sense i nasm uch as it is used as the direct object of verbs (e. g. he obtains a bathe’), and cannot be employed as the sub¬ ject of a sentence. Verbal nouns usually supply its place as the subject;—e.g. ^ g HfcHI*: ‘giving (=to give) is better than receiving* (= to receive). The construction of the acc. with the infinitive is unknown to Sanskrit, its place being supplied, with verbs of saying, &c., by oratio recta with *f?| (180), or otherwise by the use of a predicative acc. (198,1 and 207 c). * 204 INFINITIVE VII 211 The infinitive may be used with substantives (e. g. ‘ time,’ ‘opportunity*),adjectives (‘fit,’ ‘capable’), as well as verbs (e. g. ‘ be able,’ ‘ wish,’ ‘ begin ’)e. g. •Tnt ‘ this is not the time to delay’; ‘this is an opportunity to 6how yourself’; f^rf^7T<Rf*l who (is) able to escape from what is written on his forehead (by fate)?’ ^ W*TrT: ‘I have come (in order) to ask you’; cfcvyf*jrj TT^fffTT ‘he is able to tell’; iTT ‘she wished to make.’ a. The 2. and 3. sing. ind. of ‘deserve’ are used with an infinitive in the sense of a polite imperative=‘ please,’ ‘deign to’;— e.g.will your Honour please to hear me?’ b. The infinitive, after dropping its final may b® formed into a Bahuvrlhi compound (189) with ‘desire,’ or mind,’ in the sense of wishing or having a mind to do what the verb expresses;—e.g. ‘desirous of seeing’; fsji qgt*HI what do you intend to say?’ c. There being no passive form of the infinitive in Sanskrit, verbs governing the infin. are put in the passive in order to give it a passive meaning;—e.g. ‘it is not fit to be done’; *r*rr ’ftfa *rr?fa;j ‘ they can be taught morality by me ’; ‘a hut (was) begun to be erected by him.’ d. The fut. part. pass. sak-ya may either agree with the subject or be put in the neut. sing.;—e.g. T ‘those (mischiefs) cannot be repaired’; ^TT ffarTT ‘ she cannot be ignored (lit. ‘ she is not a possible thing to ignore’) when angry.’ ‘fitting’ and ‘suit¬ able’ may be construed in the same way;—e.g. TOT 3 T 2 IT HTtH ‘ she should rightly be released by me from you.’ VII 213 TENSES 205 TENSES AND MOODS; Present. 212. The use of this tense is much the same as in English. But the following differences should be noted:_ 1. In narration the historical present is more commonly used than in English, especially to express the durative sense (whmhthe Sanskrit imperfect lacks);—e.g. * Damauaka asked, “ How was it ? ” ’ ‘ Hiranyaka, having taken his food, used to sleep in his hole.’ ‘formerly,’ is sometimes added to this presente.g. ^ ‘ I formerly used to live in a certain tree.’ The particle ^ (which in the older language frequently accompanied , and thus acquired its meaning when alone) is ™ehn^e fre quently _u sed thus;-e.g. 3i fq|f3K WTO w ‘ in a certain place a weaver named Somilaka used to live.’ AThepresei^is used to express the immediate past;-e.g. ‘here I come,’ i.e. ‘I have just come.’ Th ° present also expresses the near future, ‘soon’ and ^^just’ (180) being sometimes added;-e.g. crff then leaving the bow, Iamoff’; TO ' therefore I will just send Satrughna.’ ' * . Wi th interr ogatives it implies a doubt as to future action e *g- T^i ^TTfaf ‘what shall I do?* Altm ay expr essanexhortation to perform enaction at once;- thSe’ 1T ^ nrRT; then We (wm ) onter (= le ^ us enter) Past Tenses. b tu the ! hree past tense? - im P" fect - po^fect, and aorist, h i PartiCipl “ iC 71 18 ^ '-at (and the rtoncal present), are used promiscuously to express the historical 206 PAST TENSES-FUTURE VII 214 or remote past, applying equally to facts which happened only once, or were repeated or continuous. a. The perfect is properly restricted to the statement of facts of the remote past, not coming within the experience of the speaker. The 1. and 2. sing, are therefore very rare. b. The imperfect, in addition to describing the historical past, states past facts of which the speaker himself has been a witness. c. The aorist has (along with the participles in and cTO7^) the special sense of the present perfect, being therefore appropriate in dialogues; —e. g. 'my desire has obtained Rweet fulfilment ’; ‘ I have bestowed the sovereignty on you *; 7 f ‘ I have seen him.’ d. The aorist (very rarely the imperfect) without the augment is used imperatively with *TT (215 e and 180). e. As there is no pluperfect in Sanskrit, its sense (to be inferred from the context) has to be expressed by the other past tenses or the gerund, or occasionally by a past participle with an auxiliary verb. Fntnre. 214. The simple future is a general tense, referring to any future action, while the periphrastic future, which is much less frequently employed, is restricted to the remote future. Both can therefore often be employed in describing the same action, and they frequently interchange. a. The future is sometimes used in an imperative sense, when accompanying an imperative;—e.g. ‘ go, my dear, but first hear my request.’ Os. Imperative. 215. Besides the ordinary injunctive or exhortative sense, this mood has some special uses. VII 216 IMPERATIVE—OPTATIVE 207 a. The first persons, which are survivals of old subjunctive forms, may be translated by ‘ will * or * let *;—e. g. **TfTT ‘his brother said, “Let us play” ‘I will make.' b. The 3. sing. pass, is commonly used as a polite imperative instead of the 2.pers. act.;—e. g. ^ * Sire, pray listen!' (cp. 211 a). c. The imperative may be used, instead of an optative or benedictive, to express a wish or blessing;—e. g. ‘may you live long'; TRTR.' ‘ may your paths be auspicious ’ = ' Godspeed.' d. It may express possibility or doubt, especially with inter- rogatives;—e.g. far* 7 ^ *TT 'whether there be poison or not, the swelling of a serpent’s hood is terrify ing ’; *jf^f ‘who on earth would believe it?' * what should we do now ? * e. The imperative with the prohibitive particle *IT is somewhat rare, its place being commonly supplied by the unaugmented aor. (213 d), by the opt.