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* It is regularly used with the accusative, but the nom. gen. voc. also occur: * shame on you! ’ ^TTbata, expresses 1. astonishment: ‘ah! ’ a. regret: ‘alas!’ It is also combined with other interjections in the same sense: dl"\ bataare, Ht: bhoh : 1. usually an exclamation of address : ‘sir ! ’ 4 ho ! ’ 4 listen! * Though a contracted form of an old masculine singular vocative (bhavas), it is used in addressing female as well as male persons, and is connected even with the plural number. It i6 often repeated:— tff: MfUgrTT: ‘listen, Pandits!’ a. it sometimes occurs in soliloquies= alas ! sadhu : x. 4 well done ! ’ ‘ bravo! ’ 2. with imperatives ‘come’: W <idT^ ‘ come, let Damayanfi be played for as a stake.’ 3. well ’ with i.per. pres.: tll^j *11^ * well, I will go.* 4. ‘ assuredly ’: ‘if I live, I shall undoubtedly see him.* sv-asti : 1.‘hail!’ a. 4 farewell! ’ VI 182 INTERJECTIONS 159 h&nta: 1. exclamation of exhortation = ‘ come,’ ‘look,’ ‘pray ’: fnT ^ ‘come, I will tell thee’; ‘pray listen.’ a. expresses grief: ‘alas!* 3. joy, surprise, or hurry: ‘oh!* ‘ah!’ fT ha, expresses 1. astonishment or satisfaction: ‘ ah! ’ a. pain : alas! alas! I am undone.* It is frequently accom¬ panied by a vocative; and is sometimes used with a following acc. = alas for! * It is often combined with , or^ff. CHAPTER VI NOMINAL STEM FORMATION AND COMPOUNDS A. nominal Stains. 182. Declinable stems, though they often consist of the bare root (either verbal or pronominal), are chiefly formed by means of suffixes added to roots. These suffixes are of two kinds : primary, or those added directly to roots (which may be com¬ pounded with verbal prefixes); secondary, or those added to stems already ending in a suffix. 1. Primary derivatives as a rule show the root in its strong forme. g. v £d-a, ‘ knowledge ’ (fa^T ‘ know). In meaning they may be divided into the two classes "of abstract action nouns (cognate in sense to infinitives) and concrete agent nouns (cognate inte nse to participles) used as adjectives or substantives;_e. g. ma-tf, f. ‘thought’ (*p^man,‘think*); yodh-a, m. fighter’ (^yudh,‘fight*). Other meaningB are only modifica¬ tions of these two. Thus abstract substantives often acquire a concrete sense ;-e. g. iRpf nay-ana, n. ‘ leading ’ comes to mean eye ’ (the organ that leads). i6o PRIMARY NOMINAL SUFFIXES VI 182 a. When the bare root is used as a declinable stem, it usually remains unchanged;—e.g. fl^dvis, m. (hater) ‘enemy’ (80): yudh, f. fight,’ m. ‘fighter.’ Many of these stems are used only at the end of compounds;—e.g. -dull, ‘milking’ (81). Roots ending in ^ a are shortened to ^1 a, and those in ^ i, u, or r, are always modified by adding a c^t: these stems are only used as the last members of compounds;—e.g. su-kr-t, ‘doing well’ (cp. 1876). b. Several primary nominal suffixes connected with the verbal system have already been sufficiently dealt with, viz. those of the present and future participles: ^f^at (85; 156), ana and *TTT mana (158); of tho perfect: vams (89; 157); of the past passive participle (160): TTtaand •Tna; of the gerundive: an-Tya 1 , cUS 1 tav-ya 2 , and ya(i62). Tlie formation of steins to which the primary suffixes of the comparative and superlative, fcri* iyams and X? istha, are added has also been explained (88; 103, 2). Of the rest, the following, in alphabetical older, are the most usual and important:— a: substantives and adjectives;—e.g. s6rg-a,m. ‘ creation ’ (^T 5 T srj, ‘ emit’); megh-ci, m. ‘cloud* (lit. ‘discharger’: f^Ti? mill); bhag-t, m. ‘share’ (JT^bhaj, ‘divide’); priv-d,'pleasing,’ ‘dear ’(ift prl,‘ please ’). The substantives are almost exclusively masc.; but yug-d, n. ‘ yoke’ (Gk. (vy- 6 -v, Lat. yug-u-m). masc. agent nouns and a few defective neuter stems;— e.g. raj-an, m. ‘ruler,’ ‘king’ (90, 1); ali-an, n. ‘ day ’ (91. 2). 1 The latter part, iya and ^ ya, of these two suffixes is secondary (182, 2), but the whole is employed as a primary suffix (162, 3). 2 The first part of <i 41 tav-ya is probably derived from the old infinitive ending efif tave (App. Ill, i$b). VI 182 PRIMARY NOMINAL SUFFIXES 161 ana : neut. action nouns;—e. g. ddr^'-ana, n. * sight * (^J^drs, ‘see’), bhoj-ana, n. ‘enjoyment* bhuj, ‘enjoy’); also agent nouns;—e.g. vah-ana, ‘conveying,’ n. vehicle’; very rarely with -weak vowel: STOUT krp-and (‘lamenting’), ‘miserable.* as, is, ns : neuter action nouns, often with concrete meaning (op.83);—e.g. qq^vdc-as, ‘speech*; jy6t-is, ‘light’; dhan-us, ‘bow.’ T i: fem. action nouns, also agent nouns (adj. and subst.), and a few neuters of obscure origin ;—e. g. krs-f, f. ‘ tillage *; sdc-i, ‘bright*; OlfOT pan-f, m. ‘hand’; aks-i, n. ‘eye,* £sth-i, n. ‘bone, ’ dddh-i, n. ‘ sour milk* (cp. 99 3 )- ^ u: agent nouns, adj. and subst., the latter being mostly masc., but including several fem. and neut.;—e.g. cTJ tan-u, thin’ (Lat. len-u-i-s); ‘OTF’ bah-u, in. ‘arm* (Qk. jtj JX‘ Vmg )i Wn-11, f. ‘jaw ’; jan-u, n. ‘knee’ (Gk. yov-v). nna; adj. and masc. neut. subst.;—e.g. tdr-una, young’; mith-una (m.), n. ‘pair,* s'ak-und, m. ‘ bird.* n s fem., mostly corresponding to m. and f. in ^ u;—e. g. tan-u, ‘body’; independently formed: cam-u, ‘army,* vadh-u, ‘ bride.’ (f ta: besides ordinarily forming past passive participles appears, in a more general sense, as Ihe suffix of a few adjectives and substantives;—e. g. iftrT sl-td,‘cold, * as-i-ta,* black*; $7* du-td, m. ‘messenger,* hds-ta, m. ‘hand.* fir ti: fem. action nouns;—e.g. bhu-tf, ‘well-being* (Gk. ; *nfiT ja-ti, ‘ birth ’; TJTfil j0a-tf, ‘ kinsman,* is, however, masc. (owing to its concrete sense designating a male being). 162 PRIMARY NOMINAL SUFFIXES VI 182 3 tn: c hiefly forms the stem of infinitives in -turn e. g. ^ gan-tum, ‘to go’; also a few masc. and neut. sub¬ stantives Un-tu, m. ‘ thread,’ *|cT he-td, m. ‘ cause ’ (f* hi. impel’); vas-tu, n. ‘dwelling’ (Gk. 5 <t-txj). gtr: masc. agent nouns;-e.g. kar-tf, ‘doer’; also names of re latio nship, fern, as well as masc.;—e.g. ma-tr, f. mother,’ fV<J pi-tr, m. ‘father’ (roi). ^ * ra m - n tra, f.: expressive of the instrument or means;—e. g. XJ-pT pa-tra, n. ‘ cup ’ (TTT pa, ‘ drink ’); ^ ddrps- tra, m. ‘tusk’ (‘biter’: ^ dams), mdn-tra, m. ‘prayer’ man, think’); *TT^T ma-tra, f. ‘measure’ (Gk. /i€Tpo-|f). ^7 tha, m.n., ^TT tha, f. ; —e.g. ^2} dr-tha, m. ‘aim,’ ‘object ’; tir-thd, n. ‘ford’; 7 TP 9 T ga-tha, f. ‘song.’ •T na, m. n., !T na, f.: besides ordinarily forming past pass, participles (160, 1), also adjectives and substantives;—e.g. 9 U!J kr?-nd, ‘ black ’; ^ vdr-na, m. ‘ colour ’; TJTlf par-nd, n. ‘ wing ’; I trs-na, f. ‘thirst.’ fH ni, m. f.;—e. g. ag-nf, m. ‘fire’ (Lat. ig-ni-s); s'r^-ni, f. ‘ line.’ 3 na, m. f.;—e.g. bha-nii, m. ‘light, ’ S 3 su-nu, m. 1 son 9 ; ^3 dhc-nd, f. ‘ cow.’ ma, adj.; m. subst.;—e.g. bhl-md, ‘terrible dhu-m. 1 , m. ‘smoke.’ man, m. n. : chiefly neut. action nouns; — e.g. kdr-man, n. ‘action,’ brdh-man, n. ‘prayer’; man, m. ‘stone’ (Gk. a/c-pwi/), brah-mdn, m. ‘one who prays’ (90. 3). mi, m.f., mi, f.;—e.g. ras-mf, m. ‘ray; ' 3 f*> bhu-mi, f. ‘earth’; 3 * bhu-mi, f. id.; Hlaks-mi, f. ‘ prosperity.’ yu, m.;—e.g. man-yd, ‘anger’; Jpg ir.rt-yti, ‘ death.’ VI 182 PRIMARY NOMINAL SUFFIXES 163 T ra, adj. ; m. n. subst.;—e.g. ug-rd, ‘terrible*; rud-rd, m. name of a god; abh-rd, n. ‘cloud.’ ^ ru, adj.; n. subst.;—e.g. bhi-rti, ‘timid*; ^PSI as-ru, *, | ^ n. tear. ^ va, adj. ; m. subst.;—e.g. sdr-va, ‘ all ’ (Lat. sal-vo-s) ; ^"81 ds-va, m. ‘horse’ (Lat. eq-uo-s). ^van, adj.; m. n. subst.;—e.g. tftcJ^pi-vau, ‘fat’; grit-van, m. ‘stone* (90, 4); TJ^pdr-van, n. ‘joint.* a. Secondary nominal Suffixes ;— a, adj.; m. n. subst.: forms adjectives, chiefly with initial Vrddhi, expressing the sense of relation to or connexion with the primitive word;—e.g. *TPR manav-d, ‘ belonging to man’ (*TJ manu). Many of these have become substantives in the masc. and, as abstracts, in the neuter;—e. g. 3 TPR manav-d, m. ‘ human being’; vaisvamitra, m. ‘ descendant of Visvamitra’: paurus-a, manly/ n. ‘ manliness.’ When formed with ^ rddhi, these derivatives always take i I in the feminine. ^IT a: forms the fern, of adjectives which in the masc. and neut. end in ^ a;—e. g. qiintl kant-a, ‘ beloved * (97). ani: forms the fern, of the names of deities ending in a;—e. g. indr-ani, ‘ wife of Indra.’ ayana, m.: forms patronymics with initial Vrddhi;— e *g* ^TWHR as'val-ayana, ‘descendant of As'vala.* T** m.: forms patronymics with initial Yrddhi;—e.g. *TPE[f 7 T marut-i, descendant of the Maruts.* Similarly formed is ^1'^ farath-i, charioteer’ sa-rdtha, ‘driving on the same car’). in : forms, in the sense of ‘possessing,’ adjectives from stems ending in ^a; —e.g. bal-in, ‘ strong/ from SR! bala, n. ‘strength’ (87). : forms the fem. of masc. stems made with suffixes ending m consonants (95), or with J tr (101 e ), often to those in ^ u u a 164 SECONDARY SUFFIXES VI ,82 (98 c), or in ^ a (always when formed with Vrddhi)e. g. dev-i, ‘goddess ’ (^T dev-d, ‘god ’). Cp. 107. ina: forms adjectives, chiefly expressive of direction and made from words in ^ance. g. ITRfa prac-ina, ‘ eastern * (JH^ praSc, ‘ eastward ’). iya : forms general adjectives;—e. g. parvat-fya, mountainous ; <4 tad-Iya, ‘belonging to him,’ ‘his.’ ^5 ka : forms adjectives and diminutivese. g. ^rTcfi rfnta-ka, vars-i-ka, ‘ belonging to the rains ’ (varsilh); raja-ka, m. ‘petty king,’ putra-ka, ‘little son.’ The fern, of such derivatives (in a-ka) is often formed with ;—e. g. gf^apfr putr-ika, ‘little daughter.’ rT^T tana: forms adjectives with a temporal meaning;—e.g. nu-taua, present,’ pura-taua (f. I), ‘ancient.’ ?T?