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The quantity of the first three syllables of the stem is thus almost invariably u-v: X-jl-j&n-at, fi-ji-gr 5 h-at, fi- a 'i-s'rf-y-at, a-vi-vTs-at, a-di-dfs-at, fi-di-d 5 r-at (from dr), S-du-dru-v-at, fi-mu- muc-at, S-cI-kJp-at. muc, ‘ release *: stem a-mu-muc-a Parasmaipada. *• a-mumuc-am 2. a-mumuca-h 3 a-inumuca-t a-mflmuca-va a-mumuca-tam a-mumuca-tum a-munuica-nm a-mumuca-ta a-mumuc-an 126 REDUPLICATED AORIST IV 150 Atmanepada. a-mumuc-e 2. a-mumuca-thah 3 . a-mumuca-ta a-mumuca-vahi a-mumuc-etham a-mumuc-etam a-mumuea-mahi a-mumuca-dhvam a-mumuc-anta. a. 1. radh,‘succeed,’and 3 JV^vyadh,‘pierce,’shorten their radical syllable, so as to produce’the prevailing rhythm: fi-ri-rSdh-a-t, TrftfWT, &-vI-vTdh-a-t (cp. 133 B 2). 2. ^t^dlp, ‘ shine,’ and mil, ‘ wink,’ retaining their long radical vowel, do not lengthen the reduplicative syllable, thus inverting the usual quantity of these two syllables: a-didip-a-t, a-mimll-a-t. Benedictive or Frecative. 150. The active of this form is very rare, while the middle does not occur at all, in classical Sanskrit. It is an aorist optative, being formed by adding the terminations directly to the root. The terminations are those of the optative of the second conjuga¬ tion,with ^s inserted between ya and the personal inflexions. The endings of the 2. 3. sing, are (for ya-s-s), qirijat (for yas=ya-s-t: cp. 28; 145), being thus identical in form with those of the optative present (131)- The Benedictive Par. of ^ budh, ‘awake,’ would be formed a6 follows 1. ymm. ferra budh-ya-s-am budh-ya-s-va budh-ya-s-ma 2. pirn budh-ya-l? budh-ya-s-tam budh-ya-s-ta 3. budh-ya-t budh-ya-s-tam budh-ya-fl-ul? IV 1$1 SIMPLE FUTURE 127 Simple Future. 151. The future is formed by adding to the stem the suffix syd, or, with the connecting vowel ^ i, i-syd, and is inflected like a present of the first conjugation (bhavami). Most roots ending in vowels (except ^ r) take sya, more than half of those ending in consonants take isya. Derivative vprbs regularly take the latter. a. Final vowels and prosodically short medial vowels take Guna;_ e -6- Ti.'go’: e-sya-ti; $>^budh,‘awake ’: bhot-sya-te (55); ^rudh, ‘hinder*: rot-sya-ti; Wk r , ‘do’^fV^frikar-i-syd-ti; ^bhu,‘be’: *Tf*pzrf?T bhav-i-syd-ti. 1. Several roots take both formse. g. dab, ‘ burn *: V^rf?T dhak-syd-ti (55) and dah-i-sya-ti. 2. Derivatives in aya retain their present stem, dropping only their final ^ a;—e. g. cor-aya, ‘ steal *: coray-i-sya-ti. da, ‘ give *:— Pabasmaipada. 1. to: da-sya-mi da-sya-vab' da-sya-mab 2. dasyd-si da-syd-thab da-syd-tha 3 - ^Rf! da-syd-ti da-syd-tab Atmanepada. da-sy-dnti 1 da-sy-d da-eya-vahe da-sya-mahe 2. da-syd-se da-sy-dthe da-syd-dhve 3 - da-syd-te da-sy-dte da-8y-dnte 128 IRREGULARITIES IV 152 Irregularities. b. 1. Several verbs have ^ ra instead of '"H ar before sya (cp. 144, 4 ) : — 'see,' ^^srj, ‘emit,’ srp, ‘creep,’ s rrs ‘ touch ’: 5(^frt drak-svd-ti (63 b), srak- sya-ti (63 a), M^fcf srap-sya-ti, ^T^rf^T sj rak-sya-ti. 2. A few verbs strengthen the root with a nasal before^sya:— nas, ‘be lost’: •1'S^fri nank-syati as well as nas-i-sya-ti; *T^ 5 Ijnajj, ‘ sink*F^sf?T mahk-sya-ti. 3 . ^ vas, ‘dwell,’ changes its ^s to t before ^ sya : vat-sya-ti (66 B 1). 4. w? grah, * seize,’ takes ^ i instead of ^ i as its connecting vowel: grah-i-sya-ti (cp. 160, 3 a). Periphrastic Puture. 152. It is formed by adding the present of the verb as, ‘be,’ to the uoni. masc. of an agent noun in 7 J -tr (101). The noin. sing, is used in all forms except the third persons dual and plural, in which the nom. dual and plural appear. The auxiliary is omitted in the third persons. The Parasmaipada only is found in use. About forty verbs, chiefly iu tho Epics, take this form of the future. tr is added, with or without ^ i, to the gunated root, much in the same way as ^1 sya. But roots ending iu F. as well as gam, ‘go,’ and ^*^han, ‘kill,’ reject the connecting vowel:—kr: kartasmi (but kar-i-sya-mi); *|nUf*3T gantasini (but gam-i-sya-mi). Wbhu,‘be’:— Parasmaipada. 1. nfamw bhav-i-tasmi bhav-i-ta-svaly bhav-i-ta-smah IV 154 PERIPHRASTIC FUTURE I29 2. ufamfa *f*nrro: bhav-i-tasi bhav-i-ta-sthafc bhav-i-ta-stha 3. Hf^TTT Hf^Tcrn:: bhav-i-ta bhav-i-tarau‘ bhav-i-tarah • * • go*:— Parasmaipada. i. VntftH e-tasmi e-ta-svah e-ta-smah 2. ildlfa f UTtTW* e-tasi e-ta-sthafo e-ta-stha 3- wr fpnrt e-ta e-tarau e-tarah. • Conditional. 153 * This is a past tense of the future, meaning ‘ would have.* It is formed by turning the simple future into a past, which is inflected like an imperfect of the first conjugation (dbhavaro). Extremely rare even in the Par., it is still rarer in the Atm. It is to be met with chiefly in the Epics and the dramas. Examples are :-from frbhu /be*: (fut. Hfwrf* bhav-i-s } ami) IWfam d-bhavisy-am, d-bhavisya-fc, 'TOfWi. d-bhavisya-t, &c.|; Atm ^THfa ^ d-bhavisy-e, &c.; * i, ‘go*: (fut. Wrf* e^|ya-mi) disy-am, disya-fc, ^^aisya-t, &c.; Atm. disy-e, &c. Passive. 154 - The passive, which takes the terminations of the Atmane- pada, differs from the latter only in the forms made from the present stem and m 3. sg. aor. From the Atm. of verbs of the fourth class it differs in accent only: ndh-ya-te, * he binds'; nlm nah-yd-te. he is bound.* K 13 ° PASSIVE IV 154 Before adding'?! ya, the root undergoes the following changes:— 1. Final Wa (or diphthongs : 129,8) remains or becomes ^ I;— e - g- ^TT j£Sa, ‘ know ’: jfia-yd-te; TT j>a, ‘drink ’: pi-ya-te; 7 JT git, ‘sing’ (or gai): jflqc) gi-ya-te. 2. Final ^ i and u are lengthened ;—e. g. ^ i, ‘ go ’: i-ya-te; ci, ‘collect’: cl-ya-te ; sru, ‘hear’: -^qrj sru-yd-te. 3. Final r after a single consonant becomes ft ri, after two consonants, ar ;—e. g. W kr, ‘ do *: kri-yd-te ; but smr, ‘remember’: smar-yd-te. 4. Final ^ f is changed to ^^Ir and, after labials, tour e. g. cjj kr, ‘scatter’: klr-yd-te; ^ str, ‘strew’: stir-yd-te; but ^ pr, ‘fill’ (the only example): 3* pur-yd-te. 5. Roots ending in a consonant preceded by a nasal, lose the nasal;—e. g. H^bhaSj, ‘ break ’: bhaj-yd-te. 6. Roots liable to Samprasarana (137, 2c) take it;—e.g. < 4 ^ yaj: ij-yd-te; vac : ' 3 ^rl uc-ya-te ; grab : grh-ya-te ; J^^svap : sup-ya-te. 7. Derivative verbs in il^l aya drop the suffix while retaining the strong radical vowel;—e.g. cor-aya: ft* cor-yate; cMTV kar-aya (from W kr): =fiI^r| kar-ya-te. The passive of ^bhu, ‘be,’ would be inflected as follows:— • # bhu-y-d 2. bhu-yd-se 3 - bhu-yd-te Present. bhu-ya-vahe bhu-y-ethe 3* bhu-y-ete bhu-ya-maht bliu-yd-dhve bhu-y-dnte IV 154 PASSIVE 131 Imperfect. >■ ^ a-bhu-y-e d-bhu-ya-vahi d-bhu-va-mahi % 2. d-bhu-ya-thal; a-bhu-y-etham a-bhu-ya-dhvam 3- d-bbu-ya-ta d-bhu-y-etam d-bhu-y-anta Imperative. '•# bhuy-di bhu-ya-vahai bhii-ya-mahai bhu-yd-sva bhu-y-etham bhu-yd-dhvam 3. bhu-yd-tam bhu-y-dtfim bhu-y-dntam Optative. j. bhu-y-eva bhu-y-evahi bku-y-dmahi 2 . a^n^TR bhu-y-dlhal} bhu-y-^yatham bhu-y-ddhvam 3-^T bhu-y-dta bhu-y-^yatam bhu-y-dran Irregularities. a. 1. y^khan, ‘dig,’ has either khan-yd-te or kha-yd-te; cR tan, ‘ stretch ’: < 7 **^ tan-yd-te or TH^cl ta-yd-te; T^jan,'beget,’hasja-ya-te, ‘is born* (properly an Atm. of the fourth class: cp. 133 B 2). 2 * ‘command,’ has either sas-va-te or fapsft sis-ya-te (cp. 134, 4 a). i3 2 PASSIVE Iv 155 3- ST hva, call (or live), has ^hu-y 4te (cp. 136, 4); TT va (or*% ve), ‘weave,’ u-yd-te. Aorist Passive. 155. The Atm. of this tense supplies the place of the passive except in the third person singular, which has a special form. Here the augmented root adds the suffix i, which re¬ quires A rddhi of a final vowel and Guna of a medial vowel (but ^ ^ is lengthened) followed by a single consonant ; after a, a^yis inserted;— e.g. sru, ‘hear’: <1-srav-i; ^ kr, ‘do’: f\ .1-kar- i;tl? pad, ‘ walk ’: d-pad-i; fa'H, vis, enter’: ^cff^Ja-ves-i; Jj^inuc,'release’: d-moc-i; ’STT jfia, ‘ know’: d-jfla-y-i. a. The following are peculiarities or irregularities in this formation :—1. rabh, ‘ seize,’ shows the nasalized form of the root: a-rambh-i.—2. pf, ‘ fill,’ has a-pur-i (cp. 154, 4).—3. gam, ‘go,’ rac, ‘ fashion, vadh, ‘ slay,’ do not lengthen their ^51 a : a-gam-i, a-rac-i, a-vadh-i.— 4. Verbs in aya drop the suffix (cp. 154,7): rop-aya, causative of ruh,‘ mount a-rop-i. PARTICIPLES, GERUNDS, AND INFINITIVE. I. Active Participles. 156 . The stem of the present and future participles Par. is formed with the suffix ^T^at (cp. 85). The strong stem is obtained by dropping the ^ i of the 3. pi. pres, and fut. Par.: hence verbs of the third class and other reduplicated verbs (134 A 4) have no nasal in the strong stem of the pres, part., while the fut. part, always has ^frl v ant as its strong stem. Thus:— 157 ACTIVE PARTICIPLES T 33 Pres. 3. pi. Pres. part. (strong). Fdt. 3. pi. Fut. part. (strong). TcPt^ bhavant-i (1) bhdvant blmv-isydnt-i bhavisydnt % 1 5TnT kii-n-ant-i (9) krindnt • kre-sydnt-i kresydut juhv-at-i (3) jdhvat ho-sydnt-i hosydnt a. The strong stem of the pres. part, of ^ os, ‘ be,* is *p?T sant( 3 . pl.*ftr s-dnt-i); that of ^han, ‘slay,* is ^ghn-dnt" ( 3 * pl* ghn-ant-i) *. 157 - The reduplicated perfect participle (89) is most easily formed by taking the 3. pi. Par.