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This and the seventh are the most difficult classes to con¬ jugate, because terminations beginning with various consonants come into contact with the final consonants of roots, and conse¬ quently many rules of internal Saudhi have to be applied. 2. The third or Hu class adds the terminations directly to the reduplicated root, which in the strong forms takes Guna if possible g. y hu,' sacrifice *: ju-bd-mi, ‘ I sacrifice *; • ju-hu-mdti, ‘ we sacrifice.* a. The intensive conjugated in the active (172) follow this class. 3. The seventh or Rudh class adds the terminations directly to the final consonant, before which if mi is inserted in the strong, and ^n in the weak forms ;-e.g.^yuj,^‘join*: yu-nd-j-mi; yuitf-mdb. 4 . The fifth or 8u class adds nu, which takes Guna in the strong forms, to the root ;-e. g. ^ su, ‘ press out *: wfjf* su- ud-mi; su-nu-mdlj. 5. The eighth or Tan class adds H u, which takes Guna in the strong forms, to the root;-e.g. TT^tan, ‘stretch’: Tpflrf* tan-6-mi; d*J*t 5 tan-u-mdfo. , * A)1 the ( seven ) rbs of this class end in *(.n, except W hr, do,’ which has an irregular present stem: qpftfa kr-d-mi( 134 E )! 6. The ninth or Eri claaa adds to the root *rt na in the strong forma, but in the weak lft ni before conaonants and 86 CONJUGATION IV 128 before vowels;—e.g. krf, ‘buy’: kri-na-mi; pi. 1. krl-nl-mab, 3. kri-n-anti. The Augment. 128 . The imperfect, the aorist, and the conditional prefix to the root accented Haas their augment, which forms Vrddhi with an initial vowel (23);—e.g.^V^budh, ‘know’: 3. sing, imperf. a-bodha-t; und,‘wet*: u-nd-t-ti, ‘he wets/ du-na-t, ‘he wetted’; HIT r, ‘go’: rcchdti, ‘ he goes,’ ^l^r^arcchat, ‘he went.’ a. The augment is dropped in the imperf. and aorist (which are then used imperatively)after the prohibitive particle *TT raa (pi)): *TT HTPff^or ma karslt or karot, ‘ may he not do it.’ Reduplication. 129. Five verbal formations take reduplication in Sanskrit: the present stem of the third conjugational class, the perfect, one kind of aorist, the desiderative, and the intensive. Each of these five has certain peculiarities, which must be treated separately under the special rule? of reduplication (130, 135,149, 170, 173)* Common to all are the following. General Rules of Reduplication. 1. The first syllable of a root (i.e. that portion of it which ends with a vowel) is reduplicated;—e.g. ■p^budh: ’^^bu-budh. 3. Aspirated letters are represented by the corresponding unas¬ pirated ; -e.g.fH^bhid,‘cut’: bi-hhid; ^dhu,‘shake’: ^^du-dhu. 3. Gutturals are represented by the corresponding palatals, f h by Hfj;-e.g. ^ kam, ‘love’: H^Rca-kam; ^khan, ‘dig’: W^ea-khan; H^gam/go’: ^Wja-gam; TO has * ‘laugh’: onfc^Aja-has. IV 131 REDUPLICATION 87 4. If the root begins with more than one consonant, the first only is reduplicated;—e.g. krus, ‘shout’: ^W*^cu-krus; fV^ksip, ‘throw’: fafa^ci-ksip. 5. If a root begins with a sibilant followed by a hard consonant, the latter is reduplicated;—e.g. stu, ‘praise ’ : 3 ¥ tu-stu (67); T^Tstha,‘6tand’: ta-stha; scut, ‘drip’: ^^jr^cu-scut; skand,'leapca-skand. But 6mr, ‘remember*: sa-smr (m is soft). 6. If the radical vowel, whether final or medial, is long, it is shortened in the reduplicative syllable; — e. g. gab, ‘ enter ’: 3 RTf ja-gah; kri, 4 buy *: ci-kri; I* kuj # 4 hum ’: ^f^cu-kuj. 7. If the radical (not final) vowel is ff e, it is represented by *i; if% 0 or au, by u;—e.g. %^sev, ‘worship’: si-*ev (67); dhauk, ‘ approach *: dudhauk. 8. Boots which, according to the native Sanskrit grammarians, end intj © ai,^ 0 are more conveniently stated to end in Iff a, and are so treated in reduplication;—e. g. s* gai, ‘sing,’ 3. sing, perfect ja-gau (136, 4). Special Buie of Reduplication for tlio Third Class. 130^ r and f are represented in reduplication by ^ i;_ JJbhr/bear’: trot?? bf-bhar-ti; ff pr , 4 fill *: fsnrfif pf-par-ti. Terminations. I31. The following table gives the terminations, which are on the whole the same for all verbs, of the present system. The chief difference is in the optative, which is characterized by ff e in the first, and ya and^i in the second conjugation. It will prevent confusion to remember that the present indicative has the primary (-mi, -si, -ti, &c.), while the imperative (with some variations) 88 CONJUGATION IV 131 and the optative, as well as the imperfect, have the secondary terminations (-m, -s, -t, &c.). Of the other tenses, the future takes the primary, and the aorist, with the benedictive and the con¬ ditional, takes the secondary terminations; while the perfecttakes in the active (with many variations) the secondary, and in tbe middle, the primary endings. In order to understand clearly the difference between the two conjugations, the following points should be noted. In the first or a-conjngation (as in the a-declension), the accent is never on the terminations, but always on the same syllable of the stem (the root in the first and fourth, the affix in the sixth and tenth classes), which therefore remains unchanged. On the other hand, in the second conjugation (as in the declension of change¬ able steins) the accent falls on the strong stem, which is shortened in the weak forms by the shifting of the accent to the termina¬ tions. In the second conjugation, therefore, the ter¬ minations are accented except in the strong forms (126) of the present. The same would apply to the imperfect, were it without an augment (128). Parasmaipada. Preaent. Imperfect. Optative. Imperative. ist conj. and conj. 1. f*T mi 1 ^am 2 TJTJTTeyam 3 XTfayam Wfa ani 2. fa si *• THS.es *Tfa.ya8 r— (1) fahi' 3. fa ti c^t lJ<T.et *TRT.yat <J tu 1. ^ va 1 T& eva * 7 TO yava ava 2. thas rf^tam Xnfaetnm TTTTI^yatam TTT^tam 3. TTC^tas TTT^tam TTflfa.etam yatam TTTT^tam 1. TTET.inas 1 IT ma 1 TJTT ema yama aina 2. '77 tha 71 ta TJ 7 T eta XTT 7 T yata 77 ta 3. anti 5 THK eyur ^ydr ***7 antu 5 IV 131 TERMINATIONS 89 \ Atman epa da. Present. Imperfect. Optative. I lucrative. 1. IT * T e e(i) i (2) e\a 3 iyd ai 2.% • TO 1TTO tro se tha? ethas Ithas sva 3 . 7 T TO. te ta eta itft tain *■ TO ircf? ^trt| vahe vahi 1 eva'.ii Ivtfhi avahai 2. T& TO 1WTO t^TPTO. TJTO ethe(i) ethain(i) eyathain iyatham etham(i) TO # . ^nro athe(2) 5 tharn(j) at ham (2) 3 .tP UTO TFTTTO T*TO ete(i) etam(i) eyatam lyatam etam (1) 'URt 2. , . ^IdTH ate (2) atam(2) atam (2) !• TO H*rf? trff Tirtl niahe mahi 1 emahi iraflhi amahai 2.^ TO T*TO TO dnve dhvam edhvam idhv^m dhvam 3 .^ 1 % ante(i) anta(i) eran irrfn antam (1) Mm 4 V ** ^TTO £te(a) ata(2) £tam(2) The final ^ a ofthe first conjugation is lengthened before or \v^.g.bhiva-mi, 9 TOTO blmva-vab- 90 CONJUGATION IV 131 2. Terminations beginning with vowels should be added in the first conjugation after dropping the final a;—e.g. d-bhav-am, bhdv-et. 3. The terminations of the first conjugation, given in the above table as beginning with t{e, really consist of the final ^a of the base -f t i; but on practical grounds it is preferable to assume that they begin with TJ e. 4. Verbs of the first conjugation take no termination in the 2. sing, imperat. Par. (being exactly parallel with the vocative singular of the a-declension). Those of the second take dhi (Gk. 61) after consonants, hi after vowels. But— a. -in the ninth class ana takes the place of dhi;— e.g. math-and 1 (but kri-nl-hf). b. fg hi is dropped in the fifth and eighth classes, if the ^ u is preceded by a single consonant; — e.g. su-nd (but ap-nu-hi). c. in the third class JT hu adds dhi (instead of fg hi) after a vowel: ^Ffaju-hu-dliL 5. Verbs of the third class and some other reduplicated present stems (cp. 134 A 4, B; 172) drop the *^n of the 3. plur. pres, indie, and imperat. Far. In the Atm. the whole second con¬ jugation rejects the \n of the 3 . plur. pres. impf. impv. 6. Verbs of the third class and some other reduplicated stems (cp. 134 A 4, B; 172) take ^ ur instead of V^an in the 3. plur. impf. Par. Those of the second class which end in ^RTa, as well as ft* vid, ‘know,’ and f^^dvis, -‘hate,’ may do so. Before this suffix a final a is dropped, while f; i, * u, W r are 1 The origin of this peculiar imperative ending is uncertain. It perhaps stands for -na-nd: a being the reduced form ( — long nasal sonant) of the class suffix -na, and na the ending which is found in the Vedic a. pi. impv.e.g. i-ta-na. IV I 3 2 TERMINATIONS 91 gunated;—e. g. bhi, fear’: d-bi-bhay-ufo; d-ju-hav-ufc; d-ya*u or d-y-ufo. That the final of this ending (which also appears in the 3.plur. optative and the 3. plur. perf. active) is etymologically ^ r, and not ^ s, is proved by the corresponding forms in the A vesta. Paradigms. I32. As the four classes of the first conjugation are inflected exactly alike, one paradigm will suffice for them. The same applies to the fifth and eighth classes. In the second class f^Kdvis has been used for the paradigm, because it illustrates better than ad both the rules of internal Sandhi and the difference between strong and weak forms. FIRST CONJUGATION 9 2 FIRST CONJUGATION IV 133 P Imperative. IV 132 FIRST CLASS SECOND CONJUGATION. 94 SECOND CONJUGATION IV 132 £ d-dvet (28) a-dvis-tam d-dvis-an d-dvis-ta d-dvis-atam a-dvis-ata IV 132 SECOND CLASS Third Class: hu, ‘saciifico': Preseut stem ju-ho, ju-lui.