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hamsan raksati, ‘ he protects the geese.’ 6. before the cerebral and the dental ^ s, but before the latter a transitional c^t may be inserted ;—e. g. cfT 5 !. tan sat, ' those six ’ j 7 T!*l. tan sahate or <i \^0 tant sahate, 'lie endures them.’ B. The dental nasal ^ n is changed— 1. before the hard palatal x^e and ^ch; cerebral t and th; dental c^t and ^ th, to Anusvara, a palatal a cerebral ^ s, a dental ^ s being respectively interposed 1 ;—e. g. tpPl. hasan cakara = hasams cakara, ‘ he did it laughing’; Jiasan chettuin = Mli|T- pas'ams chettum, ‘to cut the bonds’; calan tittfbhah = calams tittibhah, ‘ a moving sandpiper ’ ; patan taruh = pataips taruh, ‘ a falling tree.’ 2. before the soft palatals 3 fJ, 5J jh, and the palatal sibilant *^s, to palatal ^ fl (40). 3. before the soft cerebrals ^ d and I dir to lr *Jl.n (41). 4. before the semivowel * 5 T 1 to nasalized < 5 T 1 written with v. ^ Anusvara in the form of ^ ;—e. g. WRT 5 mahan labhafi = T (HI mahat labhah. 1 This seemingly inserted sibilant is really a survival of the Indo- European s of the masc. accusative plural (in *ns) and the nominative singular (in-ns: cp.88; 89). In the oldest Vedic period this sibilant appears only where it is historically justified, but in Sanskrit its use has been extended to the Sandhi of all cases of final 5 ^ n before hard palatals, cerebrals, and dentals. II 40 EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 19 XI. Changes of Place. 37. Tho only four final consonants liable to change of place are the dental 7^ t and *^n, the labial m, and Visarga. a. The dentals become palatal and cerebral before palatals and cerebrals respectively. b. Visarga aud, to a less extent, *^m adapt themselves to the organ of the following consonant. 1. Final t. 38. Final <^t before palatals (^c, ^ ch, *TJ, $^jh, ^ s) is changed to a p alatal c or ^J);-e.g. 7|<{ ^=7^ tac ca, and that’; Tfc^ = 7 Tf^>if-rf tac chinatti, ‘he cuts that’; Hct. ^TOt= 7 T^TP^ taj jayate, ‘ that is born ’ j 7Tc^ = (d^tlTifn tac synod, but in practice) tac chynoti x , ' he hears that.’ 39 - Final T^t before Z ?, Z th, Z d, Z dli (but not before ^s) is changed to a corebral (Z d or Z dh) e.g. TJ7T?^ Z?ET** = otat thakkuraV, ‘the idol of him’; 7 T<^ tad dayate, ‘ it flies ’; 7 Tc^ Zfa?) = cfjfaft tad dhaukate, ‘ it approaches.* 2. Final *t.n. 4 °* Fin al before ZJjh, and ^ s 2 becomes fl C 6 = <n^^lfn t ag jayati, ‘ he conquers them *; fTT 5 ^ = tafl sardulan or l<£ tSTT 5 ^ tafi chardulan *, ‘those tigers.* 1 With the further change of tho initial i to the correeponding aspirate s ch, cp. 53. see s^B^ 6 CliaUSe of before the bard palatals ^ c and ^ ch, 20 EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI II 41 P 41. Filial before ^ d ,3 dh 1 (but not ^s) is changed to n;— ’• mahan damarah,*a great uproar.’ 3. Final m. 42. A. Final J^m remains unchanged before vowels;—e.g. fa** = f^nr kirn atra, ‘ what (is) here ?’ B. Final ^ in is changed to Anusvara before consonants : 1. necessarily before semivowels, sibilants, and ^ h;—e.g. ^^ = cT tam veda, ‘ I know him ’; Or^fn = < 5^01 karunarp rod it i, ‘he cries piteously*; 4^71 = moksam seveta, ‘ one should devote oneself to salva¬ tion’; f^ifn = flVji. madhuram liasati, ‘he laughs sweetly.* 2. optionally before mutes and the nasals ^n, J^ra 2 (6, cols. 1-5), where it may become the class nasal 3 (a change which is rarely made in European editions);—e.g. (or Oft) kini karosi (or kill karosi), ‘ what doest thou ? ’ ^ft? = (or IT^^W) satrum jahi (or satrufi jahi), ‘ kill the enemy *; ( 4 * 1 , (or fa- *•< 591*0 kim phalam (or kim phalam), ‘what (is) the use?’ *T*rf?T = (or *j^JK(rl) guruip namati (or gurun namati), ‘he salutes the teacher’; ij ^i= UlM (or IfnjsPJffarra^) s'astrarp mini arp sate (or sastram mlmaipsate), ‘he studies the book.’ a. This alternative Sandhi of final m is identical with that 1 On the treatment of n before the hard cerebrals ^ t, 3 th, and s, Bee 36 A 6 and B 1. 3 Initial ^ n, n, n do not occur. 3 Thi6 assimilation was the normal Sandhi of the Vedic language. II 44 EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 21 of final before the soft palatals STj, ^jh (40), the soft c erebrals <3 d and S dh (41), and the dental 5 ^n ; and with that of final t before ^ n (33); thus e. g. in ^ T ni l ^ kiintau na the first word may represent the acc. pi. rnasc. mj- wTKkantan (36 A 4), the aid. sing. masc. kantat (33), or the acc. sing. fern. kuntam (42 B 2). 4. Pinal Visarga. 43 - Visarga is the spirant to which the hard ^s and the cor¬ responding soft ^ r are reduced in paitsii. If followed by a hard letter— 1. a palatal, cerebral, or dental c , ^ eh; Z t, ^ tli ; ^t, \th), it is changed to the sibilant (^s, ^s, of the class to which the following letter belongs ; — e .g. grjfj ^3^= purnas candra!;, ‘the full moon l^TT: = nadyfis tlram, ‘the bank of the river.* 2. a guttural or labial k, *3 kli, ^ p, T$ pb), it remains unchanged 1 e.g. rfiTJ tatah kiimali, ‘ thence love ’; llUf: nadyal? pfiram, ‘ the opposite shore of the river.’ 3. a sibilant, it remains unchanged or may be assimilated 2 e -g. suptal.i s'Lsub or ‘ the child is asleep*; w: prathainah sargah or prathamas sargah, the first canto.’ 44- Visarga (except when preceded by H a or la) if followed by* soft le t ter^conson ant or vowel) is changed to ^ r;—e.g. ^^^=lrfll^kavir ayam, ‘this poet’j 3 ft: V^f* C== gaur gacchati, ‘the cow walks ’; !TfTT = lTq- H1 m vavur viiti. wirwi Ki n . n v ^ ; JJ*. the heatment of i^n before hard mutes, 36 A a, 3; B 1. ThM usmuhti 0 ,, was undoubtedly the original Sandhi and is required by some of the ancient Vedic phoneticSns. EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI II 45 45. 1. 'i he final syllable all drops ilsVisarga before vowels ur - oft consonants; - e.g. 4 T^T.‘ 'Sfat asvu ami, ‘tliose horses’; 4 ||JMt: ^TCf: = ^(T*mT a gal a r say ah. the poets have arrived’; frTT: ^T: — t£rTT *T* 1 T: halli gajah. ‘ the elephants (are) killed ?TT.* fa: = *TTfa: nm-bhih, instr. plur. of iTfa. mas, moon.’ 2. The final syllable ah— a. drops its Yisarga before vowels except 4 ( a; — e.g. <|irf: ■^ll^Irtl = <JirT 4 t|*jHt kuta agatali, ‘whence come?' cfil TP*:= 3 i T^: ka esah. ‘who (is) he?’ ^fa: = cfi ka rsih, who (is) the poet ?’ b. before soft consonants and before 41 a, is changed to " 4 (t o. after which 4 ( a is elided (21 a) :— 4(1 Tfa: = iinlto dlpali. the lamp (has been) brought fa: = mauo-bhih, in>t. plur. ‘with minds’; sit: ^ra^-sirU^ naro ’yam, ‘this man.’ 46. The final syllables 4 C ah and 4 (T: ah, in the few instances 1 in which the Vis alga represents an etymological ^ r, are not subject to the exce)itiona 1 rule stated in 45. In other words 4 C ah and 4 (T: iih, reverting to 4 T^ ar and 4(1 <, ar, in this case follow the general rule (44). Time tJT: 4 lft? = y ; 4 ^fl( puuar api, ‘even again’: *JTrT: bhratar dehi. ‘brother, give’; ^T: 1 J 4 T = < m dvar esa, ‘ this door.’ 47- Tr followed by r is always dropped, a preceding short vowel being lengthened ;—e. g. TT^ = fa^[TT^ vidhii 'H’TT punar, ‘again, ITTcTT priitar, ‘early,’ an tar, ‘within’; ^<4 svar, ‘heaven,’ abar, ‘day,’ dvar, ‘door,’ q 1^ viir, ‘ water’; voc. sing, of nouns in 4 ? r, as fa TTY pitar. ‘ father’ (101) ; and some forms of verbs in ^ r, as 4 T 5 TRIT ajagar, 2. 3. sing, imperf. of 3 TPJ jngT ‘awake.’ EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 23 II 51 rajute, ‘the moon shines*; TpE ^^=3^ puna rogl, ‘ ill again.* 48. The two pronouns W. sah, ‘ that,’ and esali, ' this ’ (110 a), retain A isarga at the end of a sentence only, hut become *rt so and THTt eso before a (45, 2 b); — e.g. = ^f <RTfH sa dadilti, ‘he gives*; = ^ sa Indrah, ‘that Indra’; but W. so ’bhavat, ‘ he was*; ^TTI W. mrtal? sah, ‘ he (is) dead.’ 49 * hhoh, an irregular contracted vocative (for bhavas, used as an interjection) of bhavat, ‘your honour,’ drops its ~Nis arga before all vowels and soft consonants;—e.g. ^irnT hho Tsana, ‘ O lord’; bho deva^, * 0 gods *; but H*: = bhos chettah, 0 cutter.’ a. The same rule applies to the contracted vocative bhagofy (for bhagavas) from bhagavat, ‘ adorable one.’ 50. Nouns ending in radical ^ r (82) retain the X; r before the 1st, oftheloc.pl.;_e.g.^ + g = , n $ var-su, ‘ in the waters.* a ’ ftlmr ( 91 . 2 N ) and M svar (indeclinable) retain their r when compounded with ^ pati: nhar-patih lord of day,* svar-patil^, * lord of heaven.’ Doubling of Consonants. 5 1 * W ch at th e beginning of a word may always be doubled after vowels; it must be so after a short vowel and after the particles W a and ^ ma;-e.g. ^RT = 7nT tava cchaj*. ‘thy slinde*; acchadayati, he covers WT m5 cchidat.'let him M cut;-but I ladari-chaya or badarl- cchaya, shade of jujube trees.* *4 EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI II 52 a. In the body of a word the doubling takes place after all vowels: icchati, ‘ he wishes ’; mlecchah, ‘ barbarian.’ 52 . Final ^ n and n, preceded by a short vowel and followed by any vowel (or diphthong), are doubled;—e.g. pratyahh ilste, ‘lie sits westward’; dhilvann asvnfi, ‘a running horse’; but qq^ kavln ahvayasva, ' call the poets,’ remains. Initial Aspiration. 53 * Initial not followed by a hard consonant, may be, and in practice nearly always is, changed to the corresponding aspirate ■§> ck after ^ c (38) and fl (40);—e. g. tac chlokena, ‘ by that verse ’; Vn^T, dhavafS cha^ah, a running hare.’ a. The same change is allowed after ^ k, Z t, t^p, though not usually applied : vak-s'atam may become viik-ckatam, ‘ a hundred speeches.* 54. Initial ^ h, after softening a preceding ^k, <£t, ?^t, ^p, is changed to the soft aspirate of the preceding letter;—e.g. STT^i ff = TTfTO vag ghi, ‘for speech’; rTr^ ff = tad dhi, ‘ for that.