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four quarter-verses all identical in structure. A. The Sloka. Tho Sloka song,* from sru, ‘ hear ’),developed from the Vedic Anustubh, is the Epic verse, and may be considered the Indian METRE IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT 233 verse par excellence , occurring, as it does, far more frequently than any other metre in classical Sanskrit poetry. It consists of two half-verses of sixteen syllables or of four padas of eight syllables. Dividing the half-verse into four feet of four syllables, we find that only the second and the fourth foot are determined as to quantity. The fourth is necessarily iambic (w — while tho second may assume four different forms. The first and the third foot are undetermined, except that ^ ^ i s always excluded from them. By far the commonest form of the second foot is w “ (in Nala 1442 out of 1732 half-verses). The type of the Sloka may therefore be represented thus_ E. g. Asld raja N 5 lo namfi | VMsenXsuto ball | upapannd gunair istai | rupSvan asv&kdvrdSfc || It is only when the second foot has ^-^ that the first foot may assume all its admissible forms. When the second foot has any of the other three forms, the first foot is limited, as shown in the following table:— The first (typical) form is called Pathya ; the remaining three, called Vipula, are in the above table arranged in order of frequency of occurrence. Out of 2579 half-verses taken from Kalidasa (Baghu-vaipsa and KumSra-sambhava), Magha, Bharavi, and Bilha^a, each of the four admissible forms of the Sloka in the* above order claims the following share: 2289, 116, 89, 85. 234 APPENDIX II In the table a dot indicates an undetermined syllable: a comma marks the caesura. The end of a pada coincides with the end of a word (sometimes only with the end of a word in a compound), and the whole Sloka contains a complete sentence. The construction does not run on into the next line. Occasionally three half-verses are found combined into a triplet. B. All Four Pa da a identical in Form. i. Of the numerous varieties developed from the Vedic Tri stubh (n syllables to the pada), the commonest are— a. Indravajra:-w |-w | ^ — |-|| b. Upendravajra: ^ — v-< |-o | ^ — w |-|| c. Upajati (a mixture of the above two): c. Bathoddhata: — — | w u u | — w — | —1| 2. The commonest forms of Jagati (12 syllables to the pada) are— a. V amAastha : u - u |-u | u - ^ — || b. Dmtavilambita: | | — — || 3. The commonest variety of Sakvarl (14 syllables to the pada) is— Vasantatilaka:-^ I — vulu - — v-'l — - II 4. The commonest form of Atieakvari (15 syllables to the pada) is— Mai ini: u u u | u u u |-, — Jw-| ^ — “II 5. The commonest varieties of Atyas^i (17 syllables to the pada) are— a. Sikharini: ^-|-— | — — || b. Harini: wuw| , |-| —, — |w — || METRE IN CLASSICAL SANSKRIT 235 c. Handakranta: -|—, — w|-w | - - || 6. The commonest form of Atidhrti (19 syllables to the pada) is— 6 ar dula vikri dita : --|ww-|v/-\s|ww—, |-- v-'l-ll 7. The commonest variety of Prakrti (ax syllables to the pada) is— Sragdhara: |--|-w|ww|w-,_|o__| w __y ZZ. Metres measured by Morae. A. Metres in which the sum total only of the morae is prescribed (Matra-chandab). The Vaitallya contains 30 morae in the half-verse, 14 in the first pada, 16 in the second. Each pada may be divided into three feet, the second always consisting of a choriambus, and the third of two iambics; while the first foot in the first pada consists of a pyrrhic, in the second pada of an anapaest. The half-verse thus contains 21 syllables. The following is the scheme of the half-verse:— — | v ^-- 11 ^^-|_ w ^_|- ^^11 B. Metres in which the number of morae in each foot (gana) is specified (Gana-cchandab). Arya, or Gatha has 7^ feet to the half-verse, each foot con¬ taining 4 morae (= 30 morae altogether). The 4 morae may take the form w w w w, - - _ or w w ; in the 2nd and 4 tli they may also become w - w; in the 6th they appear or w - w. The 8th foot is always monosyllabio; the 6th of the second half-verse consists of a single short syllable. Hence the second half-verse contains only 27 morae. APPENDIX III CHIEF PECULIARITIES OF VEDIC GRAMMAR 1. As several stages can l>e distinguished in the development of the \ edic language, some of the following statements are strictly applicable only to the Rig-veda, the oldest and mjst important monument of Vedic literature. The Alphabet. 2. The sounds are the same as in Sanskrit, with the exception ot two additional letters. Cerebral d and S dh between vowels s ' > * regularly become cerebral 35 1 and Sdjf [h ;—e.g.t^k ile= Ide, 1 1 praise mil h use = mldhuse, ‘to the bountiful.’ Sandhi. 3* A. Vowels. Hiatus is not avoided either within a word, or between the members of a compound, or between the words of a sentence; and, in particular, initial a after e and o (21a) is only occasionally elided;—e. g. suriasya, ‘ of the sun ’; su-asviam, wealth in horses’; V.lrunasya Agnefc, ‘of Varuna (and) Agni’; abhf eti,‘he goes towards’; vfpro aksarat, ‘the priest poured out.’ a. The e of tho pronominal forms (dat.,loc.) tve,‘to or in thee,’ asm£, ‘to or in us,’ yusme, ‘to or in you,’ remains unchanged before vowels; as does the fiual o produced by the coalescence of a with the particle u, as in atho ( 4 th.au), mo (mau), no (nau). B. Consonants. The final syllables an, In, un, rn are treated as if they were iimli, lm^, urph, rrpb (cp. 36 B 1, and 45, 1) ; CHIEF PECULIARITIES OF VEDIC GRAMMAR 237 i. e. an becomes am (except in the 3. pi. subjunctive, where it represents an original ant), while In, un, rn become Tmr, umr, rmr;—e. g. maham asi, ‘thou art great’ (but a gacchan uttara yugani, ‘later ages will come’); rasmimr iva, like reins.’ a. Sometimes rules which in Sanskrit apply internally only, are extended to the initials of words;—e. g. sali6 sti nalj (cp. 67). Declension. 4 * A. Endings. Singular, a. Instr. a is sometimes added to stems in a, less commonly to feminines in a;—e. g. yajfld, in. sacrifice,’ instr. yajfle'na and yajfia; manlsa, f. ‘wisdom,’ instr. manlsdya aud manlsa. The a of ena is also often lengthened. Stems in -man sometimes do not syncopate tho vowel of the suffix, while when they do, the m or the n is occasionally dropped; e. g.bhu-mdnaand bhu-n-a for bhu-mn-a; diugh-m-a for driigh- mdn-a. , Stems in i take a, though less commonly than an;— e - 8- a gnf, m. fire,’ loc. agn&u and agna. Stems in -an usually drop the ij—e.g. brdhmani and brdhman. They never syncopate the a of the suffix e. g. rajani only (cp. 90). c. Voc. Stems in -mat, -vat, -vas, -yas regularly form their vocative in -as;—0.g. nom. bhanuraan : voc. bhanumas; harivan ; harivas; cakrvan: crtkrvas; krfnlyan: kanlyas. Dual. a. The nom. acc. voc. take a more usually than au ;_ e.g. asvfna, ‘the two As'vins’j dvara, f. ‘the two doors’; nadfii, the two^rivers.’ Feminines in derivative I remain unchanged;_ e. g. devi, the two goddesses.* b. The personal pronouns of the 1. and 2. pen. distinguish five cases;—e.g. N.yuvdm; A.yuvam; I.yuvabhyam or yuvrfbhyam; Ab. yuvrtd; L. yuv6s. 238 APPENDIX III Plural. Nom. a. Masculine stems in -a often (feminines in -a rarely) take asas beside as*.g. martyasal?, ‘mortals.’ b. Feminine stems in derivative I take s only; — e.g. devifc, ‘ goddesses.* c. Neuters take a, T, u (sometimes shortened to 5 , T, u) as well as ani, Ini, uni;—e.g. yuga, ‘yokes’ (cp. Lat. juga, Gk. fuyd). Instr. Stems in -a take ebliis nearly as often as aise. g. dev^bhih and devdih. B. Inflexional Type. The main difference in type of declension is in the polysyllabic stems (mostly feminines, with a few masculines) in I and u, a considerable number of which are inflected like the monosyllabic stems dhl and bhu(ioo), excepting the gen. pi., where they take nain. (Stems in derivative 1 other¬ wise for the most part follow nadl and vadhu as in Sanskrit: 100.) E. g. rathi, m. * charioteer *; nad), f. ‘ river *; tanu, f. ‘ body.’ Slug. N. rathi-s nadi-s tanu-s A. rathf-am nadfam tanuam I. rathia nadfa tanda D. rathie nadie tande Ab.G. rathlas nadfas tan das L. — — tandi V. rdthi — tanu Du. N.A.V. rathfa nadfa tandS I. rathibhyam nadibhyam tanubhyam G.L. rathios nadfos tan d os PI. N.A. rath fas nadias tandas G. rathi-n-am nadi-n-am tanu-n-am L. rathisu • nadlsu • tanusu • CHIEF PECULIARITIES OF VEDIC GRAMMAR 239 Conjugation. 5. Augment, a. This prefix is in some cases permanently long, in others metricallye. g. a-var, 3. sg. aorist of vr, 4 he has covered’; a-raik, 3. sg. aorist of ric, ‘she has given up.* b. The augment can always be dropped without changing the meaning. Unaugmented forms are, however, often used as in- junctives: this use has survived in Sanskrit with the prohibitive particle ma (128 a). 6. Verbal Prefixes. These generally precede, hut sometimes follow the verb. They can be separated from it by particles and other words;—e. g. a tva visantu, 4 let them enter thee ’; gdmad vajebhir a sd nab,' may he come to us with riches.* 7. Endings, a. The primary termination of the 1. pers. pi. active, -masi, is much commoner than -mas;—e. g. i-m&i and i-mds, * we go.* b. In the 2. pi. -thana and -tana often occur beside -tha and ta;—e. g. ya-th 4 and ya-thdna, 4 ye go *; ya-td and ya-tdna, ‘ do ye go.* c. The 2. sg. impv. has a not uncommon alternative ending in -tat (added to the weak stem), which expresses an injunction to be carried out in the future; rdksa-tat, 4 protect *; bru-tat, 4 say *; dhat-tat, place ’ (cp. Gk. <£xp<-ra>, Lat. lege-tod). It is sometimes used for the 2. du. and pi., or 1. and 3. sg. df. The 3. pera. sg. pres, middle (like the perf.