English
middle, 136) is not uncommonly identical with the 1.;—e.g. sdy-e, 'he lies* (=s£te). 8. Reduplication. Many roots reduplicate with a long vowel in the perfect;—e. g. dhr, 4 support *; dadhar-a; vas, * clothe *: va-vas-e; tu,' thrive *: tu-tav-a, 9. Tenses, a. There is a pluperfect, which does not, however, occur often. It is formed from the perfect stem by prefixing the 240 APPENDIX III augment, and adding the secondary termination??;—e. g. from cit, appear,’ 1. sg. d-ciket-am, 3. a-ciket. b. The periphrastic future does not exist ; the periphrastic perfect is not known to the Rig-veda. IO. Moods, a. There is a subjunctive, which is much com¬ moner than the optative. Its meaning is imperative or final; it is also often equivalent to a future indicative. Its stem is formed hy adding -a to the tense stem. In the a-conjugation it therefore ends in a;—e. g. bhava. In the second conjugation -a is added to the strongstem, which remains throughout;—e.g. from kr, ‘do’: krnav-a. The endings are partly primary, partly secondary. Thus the subjunctive of bhu, ‘ be,’ and su,‘ press out,’ are formed as follows:— Tar. 1. bhdva-ni bhdva-va bhavii-ma 2. bhdva-si, bhdva-s bhava-thas bhdva-tha 3 - bhdva-ti, bhava-t hhavii-tas bhdva-u Atm. 1. bhdv-ai bhava-vahai bhavii-mahai 2. bhava-se bbdv-aithe bhdva-dhvai 3 - bhdva-te bhdv-aite (bhav-anta) Par. 1. sundv-a-ni sundv-ii-va sundv-a-ma 2. sundv-a-s sundv-a-thas sundv-a-tha 3 - sundv-a-t sundv-a-tas sundv-a-n Atm. 1. sunav-ai sunav-a-vahai sundv-a-mahai 2. sunav-a-so eunav-aithe sunav-a-dhvai 3 - sunav-a-te sunav-aite sunav-anta b. Not only the present, but the perfect and aorist as well, have all the three moods, subjunctive, optative, and imperative. E. g. pf. subj. of stu, ‘ praise ’: tu-stav-a-t; opt. of vrt, ‘turn ’ : va-vrt-yat; impv. of muc, ‘ release ’: mu-mug-dhf; of bhu, ‘ be ’: ba-bhu-tu ; Atm. 2. sg. of vrt: va-vrt-sva. CHIEF PECULIARITIES OF VED 1 C GRAMMAR 24 1 Aor. subj. nl, ‘ lead’: 3. sg. n£a-a-ti or n^s-a-t; budh,' wake *: bodhis-a-t; vid/find’: vid-a-t; kr,‘do’: kdr-a-tiorkdr-a-t. Opt. ofvid: vid-et; as,‘reach’: aa-yat; bhaj,‘share’: bhaksista. Impv. t of av, ‘ favour *: 2. sg. avid-dhf, du. avis-tdm, pi. avis-tana; 3. sg. avis-tu;sad,‘sitdown’: 3.eg.sada-tu,du.sada-tam,pl.sada-utu; sru, ‘hear’: 2. sru-dhi, sru-tdm, sru-td; 3. sro-tu, sru-tam, sruv-antu. n. Participles. In addition to those surviving in Sanskrit the Veda has an aorist participle, both active and middlee.g. Par., from kr,‘do’: kr-dnt; gam, ‘go’: gm-ant; stha, ‘ stand ’: sthant; Atm., kr: kr-and; budh: budh-and. a. The part, in -ta-vat is not known to the Rig-veda. 12 . Gerunds. In addition to the gerund in -tva, there is a commoner one in -tv), and a very rare one in -tvaya. The vowel of the forms used with prefixes, -ya and -tya, is generally lengthened. I 3 < Infinitives. About a dozen kinds of infinitives can be distinguished, having the form of an acc., dat., abl., gen., or loc. The last three cases are rare. The vast majority are dat. infini¬ tives, these being about twelve times as common as the acc. a. The acc. inf. is formed either from the root or from a verbal noun in -tu (the latter being very rare in the Rig-veda) e.g. sam-idh-am, ‘to kindle’; prati-dha-m, ‘ to place upon’; pra-tfr-am, ‘to lengthen out*j kdr-tu-m, ‘to make*; da-tu-m, • . • • to give. b. The dat. inf. is formed from the root or from verbal nouns in -as, -man, -van, -tu, or -dhie. g. drs'-d, 1 to see ’; srad-dke', ‘ to believe *(cp.*t&f<r-0at); jiv-ds-e,‘to live’; vid-mdn-e to know ; da-vdn-e (fioOvat from &of(vai) t da-tav-e, ‘to give*; kdr-tav-di (with double accent), ‘to do’; gamd-dhyai, "to go.* c. Examples of the other cases are: ava-pdd-as, * to fall down*; da-tos, to give ; nes-dn-i, to lead ’; dhartdr-i, ‘ to support.* E 242 APPENDIX III Prepositions. 14. The genuine prepositions are used only with the aec., loc., and abl. (apart from a few isolated instances of the instr.). a. With acc. dti, * beyond ’; £dhi,‘on to*; £nu,‘after’; ant£r, ‘between’; £ccha, abhi, a, upa, pr£ti, ‘towards’; pari, ‘round’; tii as, ‘ across *; pur£s, ‘ before.* b. With loc. ddhi, ‘on’; ant£r, ‘within’; 6pi, a, and dpa, ‘near’; purds, ‘ before.’ c. With abl. ddhi,‘from upon*; antdr,'from within’; a,‘away from ’ or * up to ’; pdri, ‘ from (around) *; purds, ‘ before.’ Accent. 15 * The accent is marked in all the texts of the four Vedas, as well as in two Brahman as. Of the four different systems of marking it, that of the Big-veda is the most important. Here the chief accent, the acute (udatta, * raised ’), or rising tone, is not marked at all, probably because it comes midway between the grave or low tone (an-udatta) which precedes, and the svanta, or falling tone, which follows it and marks the transition from an accented to a toneless syllable. The anudatta preceding the acute is marked with a horizontal stroke below, and the svarita following it, with a vertical stroke above;—e.g. ag-nf-na. The so-called independent svarita (originally also preceded by an acute, which disappears by removal of hiatus in the written text, but has often to be restored in pronunciation) is marked like the enclitic one;—e.g. ^ kva (=kiik); the anudatta being also indi¬ cated under the preceding syllable;—e. g.<Tl ^^virykm (=vlrfam). If an independent svarita precedes an udatta it is marked with the numeral ^ (1) when the syllable is short, with $ (3) when it is long, the figure bearing both the svarita sign and the anudatta which precedes the udatta; V^n^apsv hnt&r (=apsd antfr); CHIEF PECULIARITIES OF VEDIC GRAMMAR 243 *ay6 *v£ulb (=ray6 av^nilj). An accented syllable at the beginning of a line remains unmarked ; all grave syllables at the beginning of a sentence preceding an acute must be marked; and all graves following a svarita are left unmarked till the one preceding an acute or svarita e.g. Wlf n4md yu- janam; karisyasl. 16. Enclitics, a. The particles u, cid, svid, iva, gha, ha, ca, sma,va. b. Certain monosyllabicpers. pronouns, me,te,&c. (109a). c. The demonstrative pron. ena, and Tin, sun. d. The indefinite pronouns tva, ‘ another *; sama, ‘some.’ 17* Unaccented Forms, a. The demonstrative pron. a, when unemphatic as replacing a noun;—e.g. asya jdnimani, * his (Agni’s) births’; but asya us^sab, ‘ of thdt Dawn.* b. The vocative loses its accent, unless it begins the sentence, whatever the length of the vocative expression;—e.g. a rajana maha rtasya gopa, hither, ye two sovereign guardians of great order.* 18. The employment of the accent in declension and con¬ jugation may be gathered from the paradigms given in the preceding grammar; but the following peculiarities of its use in the sentence should be noted. a. The vocative is invariably emphasized on the first syllable only, all the other syllables of a complex expression losing their accents ;_e. g. hdtar yavistha sukrato,‘O most youthful wise sacnficer ’; urjo napat sahasavan(nom.urj6 ndpat sdhasava). b. The finite verb of a principal clause is unaccented, unless it begins the sentence ;-e.g. Agnfm i]e , 1 1 praise Agni.’ Since avoc.dc.es not count in a sentence, a verb following it is accented; —e.g. asrut-karaa, s'rudhi hdvam, ‘ 0 thou of listening ears, hear our call.* A sentence being regarded as capable of having only one verb, all verbs syntactically connected with the same subject B 2 244 APPENDIX III as the first are accented as beginning new sentences ;—e.g.tar^nir fj jayati, kse'ti, piisyati, ‘ successful he conquers, rules, thrives.’ c. In subordinate clauses (introduced by the relative or its deri¬ vatives, and the particles hi, ‘for,’ ca and eed, ‘if,’ ned, ‘ lest,’ kuvid, ‘whether’) the verb is always accented;—e. g. yam yajfidm paribhur asi, ‘what sacrifice thou protectest.* When two principal clauses are in a relation of antithesis, the first is often treated as subordinate, and its verb accented. d. In principal clauses the verbal prefix is separated from the verb and accented; in subordinate clauses it is compounded with the verb and loses its accent;—e.g.a gacchati,‘ ho comes,’ but ya agdcchati, ‘he who comes.’ SANSKRIT INDEX Th* 9 index contains all Sanskrit words and affixes occurring in the p-ammar, except the numerals (104-108), unless declined, and the verbs in Appendix I. The former can be found at once owing to their numerical, the latter owing to their alphabetical order. Indifferent words occurring m examples of Sandhi or of Syntax, as well as in Appendix III, are excluded. The figures refer to paragraphs unless pages are specified. ABBREVIATIONS A. ■= adjective, adv., adverb, adverbial, ao., aorist. cd., compound, cj., conjunction, cpv., comparative, cs., causative, dem., demonstrative, den., denominative, da., dcsiderative. encL, enclitic, f.n., foot-note, fp., future participle passive. ft., future, gd., gerund. ij., interjection, indeo., indeclinable, inf., infinitive, int., intensive, inter., interroga¬ tive. ipv., imperative, irr., irregularities, n., note, n., neuter, neg , negative, nm., numeral, nom, nominal, ord., ordinal, par., paradigm. Pol., particle, per., periphrastic, pf., perfect, posa., possessive. pp , past passive participle, pr., present, pri., primary, prn., pronoun, pro- ’ PrP '' pre| T t,on ’ P re P 0a ‘ ti °nal. pa., passive, pt., participle, af, suffix, apv., superlative. Tp., Tatpurusa. v., vocative, vb., verbal, witn. A-vowel, pronunciation of, 15, 1. a, pronominal root, 111. a-, augment, 128. -a, sf. of ist conj., 124; pri. nom. sf., 182, 16; b © c . nom. sf., p. 163; nominal stems in, 97. aipf ‘reach,’ pf., 139, 6. aksi, n. ‘eye,’ 99, 3. agm-mat, a. ‘ having fire,’ 86.