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DTG188 0001.A Commentary on Determining Valid Cognition. Dharmottara..A Commentary on Determining Valid Cognition. Dharmottara..g2.0f

Chinese

如果缘取具有的实有,因为不是对有的怀疑,就像见到瓶子坏灭一样。所谓“恒常”,也包括第二刹那等等。先前见到的事物如是存在,对此产生怀疑,是被它欺骗和迷惑了。眼识仅仅缘取存在的实物,而不是不存在的,因此产生了欺骗性的错觉。即使缘取了存在,但由于缘取了与可见性分离的处所等等,就像见到确定没有瓶子一样。如果缘取了其他事物,即第二刹那的事物,它空无先前所见事物的自性,难道不是将先前的事物称为不存在吗?这是被其他相似事物的出现所欺骗。因为在第二刹那所见的自性与先前的自性相似。因此,没有认识到它们的差别。由于没有认识到差别,所以不能确定先前的事物不存在。如果不确定差别,就会认为“这就是先前存在的事物”,这就是它的意思。在此,见到其他相似事物的出现,以及没有间隔,是欺骗的原因,而没有缘取和有间隔则不是。即使两个闪电相似,但由于没有间隔,所以能确定先前的事物不存在,因此不会混淆为一。这里,因为没有空无第二自性的时间,所以没有间隔,这就是所说的生灭同时。缘取相似的事物也是产生错觉的原因。说“或者”是为了对前两个方面给出不同的回答。究竟而言,对前两个方面的总和的回答就是总和本身。因此,相对于差别而言,是分别观察,相对于总和而言,是总括。例如,如果天施会来吗?如果众多善友会来吗?即使如此,也像对每一个都认为“竞争的对手是我”一样,对这个和那个都说“竞争的对手是我”,就像对每一个都思考后加上“或者”这个词一样。或者,由于缘取了现在存在的事物,所以在没有见到事物存在的时候,也会认为它是存在的。例如,认为事物像这样存在,之后也会像这样存在,或者,见到瓶子的时

English

If one apprehends something as existing with its inherent existence, it is not a doubt about existence, just like seeing a pot being destroyed. The term "constant" also includes the second moment and so on. Being deceived and misled by the doubt that arises about the previously seen object existing as it was. The eye consciousness only apprehends existing objects, not non-existent ones, hence the illusion of deception arises. Even if existence is apprehended, but one apprehends places etc. that are devoid of visibility, just as one sees the certainty that there is no pot. If one apprehends another object, the object of the second moment, as being empty of the nature of the previously seen object, wouldn't one be labeling the former as non-existent? This is being deceived by the appearance of other similar things. Because the nature seen in the second moment is similar to the nature of the previous one. Therefore, there is no recognition of their difference. Since there is no recognition of difference, one cannot be certain that the previous one does not exist. If the distinction is not certain, one will think, "This is the very thing that existed before," that is the meaning. Here, seeing the appearance of other similar things and the absence of interruption are the causes of deception, while non-apprehension and interruption are not. Even if two flashes of lightning are similar, one can be certain that the previous one does not exist because there is no interruption, so one is not mistaken for one. Here, there is no interruption because there is no time devoid of the nature of the second, which is what is said to be the simultaneous arising and ceasing. Apprehending similar things is also a cause of illusion. The word "or" is used to give different answers to the first two alternatives. Ultimately, the answer to the sum of the first two alternatives is the sum itself. Therefore, in relation to difference, it is a separate examination, and in relation to the sum, it is a collection. For example, if Devadatta will come? If many good friends will come? Even so, just as one thinks of each one as "I am the rival," one says to this and that, "I am the rival," just like adding the word "or" after thinking about each one. Or, because one apprehends what exists now, one thinks that it exists even when one does not see the object existing. For example, thinking that the object exists like this, and that it will continue to exist like this later, or, the time of seeing the pot

Chinese

如果之前没有看见,后来又看见了,那么这时看见的瓶子,就像怀疑它会持续到那个时候一样。怀疑没有看见的东西也存在,是因为执着于存在。现在仅仅执着于存在,是因为之前所说的不同之处,即其他相似之处的出现。因此,被其他相似之处迷惑,可以被认为是执着于存在的理由。而执着于存在,则会错误地认为在所有没有看见的时候也存在。因此,刚才所说的这些,是解释外境迷惑的原因。因此,对于那些没有看见的刹那,因为确定了变化的规律,所以执着于存在是迷惑的原因。即使存在外境的原因,解脱者也不会迷惑,因此之前说过的“执着”是无明的过失的原因,执着被认为是无明的特征。导师陈那为了说明外境的原因,说道:“因为相似而遮蔽,执着于此则不执着于彼。” 那些不按照正文来解释或者与正文无关的解释,应该被这个解释所摒弃。那么,变化的阶段如何是不恒常的呢?解释说:在存在的时间之后,瓶子等事物,因为以瓶子空缺的地方的知识为自性的不显现作为原因,所以认识到它不存在,因此,确定毁灭的自性是在之后的时间。因此,在确定的时候,就安立为不恒常。 事物变化的时刻,那个特殊的、变化的阶段的自性就是不恒常,就像看到变化之后才安立一样,这已经在那里说过了。因此,变化的阶段的最终本质,其自身的体性,就是变化的法,安住于不恒常。但不仅仅是变化的阶段,因为它与事物没有联系。因为事物和非事物是相违的。我这样认为,确定的时刻的特殊变化,就是不恒常。

English

If something is not seen before, but is seen again later, then the pot that is seen at that time is like doubting that it will last until that time. Doubting that something unseen also exists is because of clinging to existence. Now, clinging only to existence is because of the difference mentioned earlier, that is, the appearance of other similarities. Therefore, being deceived by other similarities can be said to be the reason for clinging to existence. And clinging to existence leads to the mistaken belief that it also exists at all times when it is not seen. Therefore, what has just been said explains the cause of delusion about external objects. Therefore, for those who do not see the moments, because the law of change is certain, clinging to existence is the reason for delusion. Even if the external cause exists, the liberated ones will not be deluded. Therefore, the "clinging" mentioned earlier is said to be the cause of the fault of ignorance, and clinging is considered to be the characteristic of ignorance. The teacher Dignāga, in order to explain the cause of external objects, said: "Because of similarity, it is obscured; clinging to this, one does not cling to that." Those explanations that do not follow the text or are unrelated to the text should be rejected by this explanation. So, how is the stage of change impermanent? It is explained: After the time of existence, things like pots, because the non-appearance of the knowledge of the place devoid of the pot is the cause, it is realized that it does not exist. Therefore, the determination of the nature of destruction is at a later time. Therefore, at the time of determination, it is established as impermanent. The moment of the change of things, the nature of that special stage of change is impermanence, just as it is established after seeing the change, as has already been said there. Therefore, the ultimate essence of the stage of change, its own nature, is the dharma of change, abiding in impermanence. But it is not merely the stage of change, because it has no connection with things. Because things and non-things are contradictory. I think that the special change of the determined moment is impermanence.

Tibetan

ས་པ་ཡིན་ནོ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ཡང་དེ་ཉིད་དུ་བཤད་ཟིན་ཏོ། །དེས་ན་ལྡོག་པའི་ཆོས་ཀྱི་དངོས་པོ་ཉིད་མི་རྟག་པ་ཡིན་པར་ནི་ཐ་སྙད་ལས་ཀྱང་ཡིན་ནོ། །དེ་ལྟ་མ་ཡིན་ཏེ་གལ་ཏེ་དངོས་པོ་ཉིད་མི་རྟག་པ་མ་ཡིན་གྱིས་འོན་ཀྱང་དུས་ཕྱིས་འབྱུང་བ་ཡིན་ན་དེའི་ཚེ་འགལ་བའི་ཆོས་དང་ལྡན་པའི་ཕྱིར་དོན་གཞན་ཁོ་ནར་འགྱུར་རོ། །གཞན་གྱི་རྒྱུ་མཚན་ཅན་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་རྒྱུ་མཆན་ཡོད་པ་ཡིན་ནམ་མེད་པ་ཡིན་ཡང་རུང་སྟེ། དུས་ཐ་དད་པས་གཞན་ཉིད་དོ། །དོན་གཞན་དུ་གྱུར་པ་དེ་ལྟ་ཡིན་ན་ནི་བུམ་པ་ལ་སོགས་པའི་དངོས་པོ་མི་རྟག་པ་ཉིད་དེ་དང་ལྡན་པར་མི་འགྱུར་ཏེ། མི་དགོས་པའི་ཕྱིར་རོ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ནི་དོན་གྱི་བདག་ཉིད་ལ་ཐ་དད་པ་དེའི་བྱེད་པ་མེད་པའི་ཕྱིར་རོ། །ཅི་སྟེ་དོན་གྱི་བདག་ཉིད་མི་རྟག་པར་བྱ་བའི་ཕྱིར་འབྲེལ་པ་ཅན་གྱི་འཇིག་པ་དེ་བྱེད་བ་ཉིད་ཡིན་པས་དེ་ལ་དགོས་ན་ནི་དེའི་བྱ་བ་གང་དང་འབྲེལ་པས་འཇིག་པའི་རང་གི་བདག་ཉིད་དུ་གྱུར་པའི་འཇིག་པ་སྐྱེད་པ་གང་ཡིན་པ་དེ་ཉིད་མི་རྟག་པ་ཡིན་པར་འགྱུར་གྱི། མི་རྟག་པ་གཞན་གྱིས་ཅི་ཞིག་བྱ་སྟེ་རང་གི་བདག་ཉིད་དུ་གྱུར་པའི་འཇིག་པ་མེད་པར་ནི་དེ་ཡོད་ཀྱང་དངོས་པོ་འཇིག་པ་མ་ཡིན་ནོ། །འདི་སྙམ་དུ་མི་རྟག་པ་ཉིད་དང་འབྲེལ་པས་དངོས་པོ་མི་རྟག་པ་ཡིན་གྱི། རང་གི་ངོ་བོས་ནི་མ་ཡིན་ནོ། །དེས་ན་མི་རྟག་པ་ཉིད་ཉེ་བར་སྦྱོར་བ་མ་ཡིན་ཡང་མི་རྟག་པ་ཉིད་དང་འབྲེལ་པས་མི་རྟག་པར་འགྱུར་བ་ཡིན་ནོ་སྙམ་ན། རང་བཞིན་གྱིས་མི་གཡོ་ན་ཞེས་སྨོས་སོ། །བརྟན་པ་རང་གི་ངོ་བོས་ གཡོ་བ་མེད་པ་ནི་དོན་གཞན་འགའ་ཞིག་དང་ལྡན་པ་ན་རང་གི་ངོ་བོ་ལས་འཕོ་བ་མ་ཡིན་ཏེ། དེས་ན་གཡོ་བ་དེའི་ངོ་བོར་མི་འཐད་དེ། གཏན་ཚིགས་དེའི་ཕྱིར་དངོས་པོ་དེ་དང་ལྡན་པར་མི་འགྱུར་རོ། །གཞན་ཡང་མི་རྟག་པ་ཉིད་དེ་དོན་གཞན་གྱི་རྒྱུ་མཚན་ཅན་དུ་ཁས་ལེན་ན། མི་རྟག་པ་ཉིད་ཅེས་བྱ་བ་འམ། ཆོས་གཞན་དེའི་དངོས་པོའི་རྒྱུ་གཞན་ལས་གྱུར་པའི་དོན་གཞན་ལས་འབྱུང་བ་ན་སྒྲུབ་པར་བྱེད་པ་མཚན་ཉིད་ཀྱིས་དངོས་པོ་དེའི་རང་གི་ངོ་བོར་མི་འགྱུར་རོ། །དེས་ན་རྒྱུའམ་འབྲས་བུ་ཞིག་ཡིན་པར་འགྱུར་ཏེ། གཞན་ནི་འབྲེལ་པ་མེད་པའི་ཕྱིར་སྒྲུབ་པར་བྱེད་པའི་མཚན་ཉིད་ཀྱི་དངོས་པོ་དེ་ལ་ཡོད་པ་འདོགས་པར་རྗེས་སུ་དཔག་པ་གང་ཡིན་པ་དེ་མི་སྲིད་པའི་ཕྱིར་རོ། །དེ་ལྟར་རྣམ་པར་རྟོག་པར་འགྱུར་བ་དེ་ལ་དོན་གཞན་དེ་རྒྱུ་ཉིད་ནི་མ་ཡིན་ཏེ། སྒྲུབ་པར་བྱེད་པར་གྱུར་པ་དེའི་ཚེ་ཕྱིས་འབྱུང་བའི་

Chinese

所謂「存在」也已經在那裡說完了。因此,變異之法的本質就是無常,這也是名言上的說法。如果不是這樣,如果事物本身不是無常,但卻是後來產生的,那麼由於它具有矛盾的性質,它將完全變成另一件事物。所謂「具有其他原因」,無論是有原因還是沒有原因,由於時間不同,它就是另一件事物。如果變成另一件事物是這樣,那麼瓶子等事物就不會具有無常的性質,因為不需要它,也就是說,對於事物的本質來說,沒有不同的作用。如果為了使事物的本質成為無常,具有聯繫的毀滅就是作用,因此需要它,那麼與它的作用相關的,產生毀滅的自身本性的毀滅,那本身就會變成無常。其他的無常又有什麼用呢?因為沒有變成自身本性的毀滅,即使它存在,事物也不會毀滅。有人認為,事物之所以無常,是因為與無常本身相關,而不是因為它自身的本性。因此,有人認為,即使無常本身不是直接結合,但由於與無常本身相關,它也會變成無常。因此說「如果本性不變動」。穩定的事物,如果其自身本性 沒有變動,那麼當它具有其他事物時,它不會從自身的本性轉移。因此,變動不適合它的本性。由於這個原因,事物不會具有它。此外,如果承認無常本身是其他原因的,那麼所謂的無常本身,或者其他法的本質,從其他原因產生的其他事物中產生時,作為證明的事物,從本質上來說,不會變成該事物自身的本性。因此,它將成為原因或結果,因為其他事物是沒有聯繫的,所以不可能推斷出證明事物的性質存在於該事物上。如果這樣進行分別,那麼其他事物就不是原因,因為在成為證明的時候,是後來產生的。

English

It has already been explained there that what is called "existing." Therefore, the very nature of the changing dharma is impermanent, and this is also a nominal statement. If it is not so, if the thing itself is not impermanent, but it arises later, then because it has contradictory qualities, it will become a completely different thing. The so-called "having other reasons" is another thing because of different times, whether it has a reason or not. If it is like that when it becomes another thing, then things like vases will not have the nature of impermanence, because it is not needed, that is, for the nature of things, there is no different action. If the destruction with connection is the action for making the nature of things impermanent, so it is needed for that, then what is related to its action, the destruction that becomes its own nature of destruction, that itself will become impermanent. What is the use of other impermanence? Because without the destruction that has become its own nature, even if it exists, the thing will not be destroyed. It is thought that the thing is impermanent because it is related to impermanence itself, but not because of its own nature. Therefore, it is thought that even if impermanence itself is not directly combined, it will become impermanent because it is related to impermanence itself. Therefore, it is said, "If the nature does not move." The stable thing, if its own nature does not move, then when it has other things, it does not transfer from its own nature. Therefore, the movement is not suitable for its nature. For that reason, the thing will not have it. Furthermore, if it is admitted that impermanence itself is the cause of other things, then when what is called impermanence itself, or the nature of other dharmas, arises from other things that arise from other causes, the thing to be proved will not become the own nature of that thing by definition. Therefore, it will become a cause or an effect, because other things are unrelated, so it is impossible to infer that the nature of the thing to be proved exists on that thing. If it is distinguished in this way, then that other thing is not the cause, because it arises later when it becomes the proof.