English
or "HFI Or:— or q WFM Permissive Mood. Present : I am allowed to send : I may send. ^•gtr|q| 1 f. a. J>. Or :— so on. to send. 346 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Past: I was allowed to send : I might send. | and so on. Or :— =5]St'CJ5rS=T|'CrSJ^ | and so on. Pllture : / shall be allowed to send . dl^-q^rgqri 1 Or : — I f. a. p. "S0 Or :*— f. a. p. Optative Mood. Present : Oh that I, etc. were sending, or might send. \ f. a. p. Or | f- a. p. Past : Oh that 1 1 etc. had sent. sipfcwgww | f. a. p. >5 Or :— tf;crq*v3^r%q| | f. a. p. Imperative Mood. T~i ] I ^T c ‘i * ’ * | ► Send. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 347 * r *TF (^*1)1 • • • or‘^c - q^-^5pj | ) 5 Do not send. N .B .— ^ ^_ ■*PT is not used with 'VW Participles. Present: j Sending. Perfect: ■*>! q^c'E^q | q^C’sjq-q | Com. Perfect: q^cqtAjarq | qj^C-qq-Q^-q | ] N Sent Having sent Future e ’fF'^3'z I T^'SI q^C'q^ - q]3?rq | ► About to send I J q^-sipi | i^'§| q^C'q'cT | oRt-g^-q J ^t-g^-erq-, qqq-j • sj(ia | Active, Periphrastic, or Substantive 1 ^ He who sends ; the sender ; the sending person. He who sent. The sent. 348 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. ) (Matt. xi. 3) ^I *TF*W ! (Matt. xi. 14) >o q l'F9' 5, Fi! (Rom. viii. 36) qjSj;-q*;q-q*S | Or the following simple construction may be used :— He who toiU send , or is to f send. The sender. I I C’q^Cqo^q*^ j C=JpC’q^*iq^ | See generally, § 38, V. D The Father who sends me, j t )> > i , sent me ,, will send Other Participial Expressions, As in Colloquial. Verbal Noun, or Adjective. ’W* (^)l q^C-q- (^)| *f5C-q- (Ij) | ^•q^g-q' (^)| qjifcq^O^-q- ( ^)| ^•0%q- (^)J >o Sending ; a or the sending . The having sent. The being about to send. qj2jfe'q* I 'TF'S I Supines. To send. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 349 qj^eqi^Sj-ai 1 qKC*q^|^ ] For sending Infinitive Mood. Present: | To send. q^c-q| q^Ccg^’q i Fast: q<5C'q^q | q^C-q%q ] ORC-ql qpq-Wg-q | 'TF'S! Future: qj^~q^U|a?rq j To have sent, - To be about to send ; to be sent qjSje-q^a^qjvq I Hj^c**-%q | j VIII.—Passive, 4- Rooted Colloquial Verb trpc-q-, ppc-0-, q^CW, q5C0-, or npc-g I To be sent. S 3 S 3 Roots. As in Active Verb No. VI. N.B .— The construction throughout is in the Objective or Accusative case, with or without GJ j Indicative Mood. Present : I am being sent. 360 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. or Q^EI|| qj^C-Sj-C^* or C^Hf or 3J^X|^ | sD Past: I was sent. ^C*q*(^=T]* or occ. or into rr. ^3j | or Q^^J' or rarely t*J<3! | Or :— q=5C*?fc-| f. a. p. Imperfect: I was being sent. Same as Present, but with adverb or other context showing Tense Perfect : I have been sent. qsc*cXf^* | and so on. Or, same as Past. Or the following, though seldom used save at end of sentence :_ f and so on. Pluperfect : I had been sent. Same as Perfect. Future : I shall be sent. As in Active Verb No. VI. Subjunctive and Conditional Moods. Present : If ..I shall be sent. Past : If .. I would be sent. P©rf6ct * If. ./ would have been sent. jAs in Active Verb No. VI. Potential, Mood. Present : I can be sent. P^ISt ; / couhf be Sf iii w Perfect \ I COM hi have been sent* ^ As in Active Verb No. VI, Probability* Present : / met\y perhaps be sent* > Past : / might ? As ln Actl >e Verb No. VI. ' 7 ) ) / TIBETAN OBAMMAR, 351 Hortative Mood. Present : I ought to be sent ; I must be sent . | and so on. Or:— I and so on. Or:— | f. a. p. Or :— | f. a. p. Past : I ought to have been sent, and so on. Or :— jq^C^Srj^rqc;- j and so on. Purposive Mood. Present : In order that 1 may be sent. Past : In order that I might he $e As in Active Verb No. VI. *^epi i i q F q '!h i Imperative Mood. ► Be sent. Do not be sent. Precative Mood. =TF' (or qsC) qg'qi Let me, etc., be sent. Permissive Mood. Present : I am allowed to be sent. "IF ( or j | and so on 362 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. And so on conjugating <35^’*}' regularly. Or :— (or q^C’) d?T]| f- a. p. Optative Moor. Present : Oh that I were being sent. ^ (q-) ^T\] i. a. p. Or, better :— qpc'afS^*crw| f. a. p. Past : Oh that I had been sent. q^c* (q*) ^11 f. a. p. Or, better :— 1 f - a - p* Present : Past : Com. Perfect P uture: Participles. n^c-qj Being sent. Been sent . q^C'q*WJ 3 j*q | Having been sent. >About to be sent. ^TFfi *F$\ qqc*5jp^ 1 q^C*q-^ 1 qpc-aqp^ 1 1 Periphrastic. ) 5 He who is or ivas sent. ^ He toko will be sent. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 363 Or the following simple construction may be used :— Or l The man who is or teas sent by 1 me. Or:— sp ,The book which will be, or is to be, sent by thee. 1 cj*5crq$T ] I q^C-q-aj^i | q^C’3j, ^C'd'CM | qtJC'q^c:* | q^-qnafcl | q^C %4 | Other Partioiplal Expressions. Being sent, having been sent. Because , since, when .. was or were sent . | Having been sent. If . when, though..was or 'were sent . ^4e, since, because..was or mere aetif ; having been sent. Because, though..toas or were sent. Supines. q TF9l ^C*01 qi Fgl 45 ?■ To be sent . ] .For being sent . 354 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Verbal Nouns. The being sent. q^Cq'^-CT^ | The having been sent. S3 j The being about to be sent. Infinitive Mood. i 1 7 | - 1 l To be sent. 1 1 J q'JC-g’^q 1 To be about to be sent. The same or :— e TF*rsrvq i IX.— Active, one-rooted Colloquial Verb | To see, Root throughout £J£]£’ | N.B .—The construction is in the Agrnttve, exoept where other¬ wise indicated. Indicative Mood. Present : I see. ] f* a. p. Periphrastic : / am seeing. or Wl or or 3^-cr^ ] Past ; I saw. SlSP*gC* + or | f. a. p. * N.B ,—for first person, W for the others. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 355 Or :— Sl^C^q^qi* or occ or rarely, chiefly interr. t£j<S | „ G\y*y „ Sj^| Imperfect : 7 was seeing . Same as Periphrastic Present, context showing Tense. Perfect: 7 have seen . Same as Past. Pluperfect : 7 had seen . Same as Past or Perfect. Or, seldom used save at end of sentence:_ siijfc-aprS^ | and so on. Future .* 7 shall see. sjsjtSfc-1 £. a. p. Or :— sisjt-Sj’Ujaj | and so on. Note also the following :— | 7 am (or have) to see. And so on. Also SlSjCWJ | I am (or have) to see. And so f. a. p. Subjunctive and Conditional Moods. Present : If.. / shall see . (Present Root) * * * <5* * * | and so on. Or :— (Present Root) * * ’ <3T * *sjlji’wjfc" | f. a. p. Past : If. .1 would see . (Perfect Root) * * * | f. a. p. 366 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Or (Perfeot Root) " * | and so on. Perfect : //♦,/ would have seen, (Perfeot Root) ” * | and so on. Or:— (Perfeot Root) ' * * | f. a. p. Potential Mood. Similar to oonstructioA in To send , No. VI. Probability. Present : Perhaps I shall see : I may see. Same as in R|^C*q | To send, No. VI. Past : Perhaps I would see : I might see. ^Cq-tN^CTQvS | f. a. p. Or;—- | f. a. p. Or:— £T P c T§*v 3 i* * ’ sKF'Bfe' 1 f - *■ p* Or :— nH3VT • • sisjbcrtfwj | t. . p. Or:— Perfect : Perhaps I would or might have seen, q-qgj f. a . P . Or :— f. a. p. Or :— q l® C T3 , S* 3 i* * ’ I and so on. Hortative. Present : / ought to see : I must see. C. fq | and so on. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 357 Or:— c-ora^c-^fprg-5^ j an d bo on. Or:— ' • • ’ | f. a. P , Or:— g y<<3j | / am { or see vp And so on. Or:— ?igC*r^| / am (or have) to eee. And so, f. a. p. P&St : I ought to have seen ; must have seen. | and so on. Or :— • * * | f. a. p. But see note re qC on p. 354. Purposive Mood. Present and Past : In order that I may or might see. f. a. p. Imperative Mood. ^ <5ft)| See. (%])| Do not see. Precative Mood. S^§0’ (50)| Let me t etc. see Permissive Mood. Present : I am allowed to see ; / may see. <501 f. a. p. and tenses. Or •BjrSWSKI and so on. 358 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. And.so on, conjugating regularly The following is more Bookish S|£JC:*Wr< 3 &=T] | f. a. p. Optative Mood. Present and Past : Oh that I were seeing , or had seen. sJsp^qj | Or :— Or better :— f. a. p Present : Perfect: Participles, SJ£JC"’q | sgfCTq | Future : * 3 - 51 Seeing . Seen Com. Perfect: j Having seen, About to see Active, Periphrastic, or Substantive (^)| (^)| sjSjc-q-cfl I *lSP'Sip<3f (^)l "He who sees or saw. The seer. He who will see. The seer . See also the other examples under this head in qp-^q | To send No. VI, TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 359 Other Participial Expressions. | SJSjZ'C!&! | sfipTfl’oi i aqijcq-ow 1 3q§c-roi| 54£pl] j sisTc-Sj*? ] wje-a^ i SJjfC'qC'q^ | aqsj-qf^ | SlSprgcrq-ai*} I Present. Seeing. Seeing ; because, since, wAen., while . .am, w, or are eeetn^, -Seeing; a/, for, MougA..am, ie, or are seeing. ^tnce. .am, w or are eeeiny. "f- seeing. Though seeing. If, when, though, .am, is or are seeing. Past. Having seen. Seen ; because, since, when. .was or were seen. Having seen. If, when, though .. was or were seen. sis^gc'creq j rfjtgcrcrv l Because, though. .was or were eeen. 1 l * Having seen ; as, since , wAen, because, .was or were eee. 360 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. I NO s8jcrf | sigc'^roj | sSfcrqi^Spai | Supines. ^ To see. 1 - For seeing. J Verbal Nouns or Adjectives. SJsJ-'CAf | sjsfC’qc-q-^ | *^■9^ 1 so 1 r Seeing ; a or the seeing. A or the having seen . V The being about to see.