English
j 1 Being : as, since, when, after , while . . am, is, are. \ In or by being ; if, when . . am, ) is, are. Being. Though, since , because . .. am, is, are. Of or for being. ^•*5 T I Pas:. X Having been; as, since , wken r C after ... teas, were. J m Because, since , when. ..was, were . TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 3 3 I i c^q-tq^ | u^TT^C | Wj^t ... teas, were. After , $ince, because, when . .teas, were. If, when ... was, were. I J3fq^*a£p;q1 3fc‘gp^q I w^qs^Sp ] Infinitives. To be. To have been. ► To be about to be ; going to be. V.— To have ; To possess. Same as Colloquial or Literary ^^*q* To be present. To exist, save that it is conjugated with the subject in the Dative case with iq* Thus :— Indicative Mood. Present : / have ; I possess. CATJ^ I To me there is. To thee there is. or <WI or | To him there is. NS And so on throughout. VI.—Active, Transitive, 4-rooted Colloquial verb. To send. Roots. Pi'esent # : c rj^* Perfect: q^C* Future : Imperative : 9 C | 332 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Indicative Mood. Present: I send. i Periphrastic present: / am sending. or O^j or w or wjycrS,^ i N.B .—PronounB are henceforth omitted^ except where necessary to make the construction clear. The construction is in the Aoentive, save where otherwise indicated. Past : I sent. ^' ) f. a. p. Or :— j or occasionally or rarely {interrogatively} W<5 | „ „ 0 ^ „ „ >o Or : — ^cSTc'l f. a. p. Imperfect : I was sending. Same as Periphrastic Present, context showing Tense; or 1 an ^ 80 on, as in Past. Perfect : / have sent. Same as Past. Pluperfect : I had sent. Same as Past or Perfect. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. l Or. seldom used save at end of sentences :— I or <VF11 or 0^ or Sf^CT^ | vd Future : I shall send. CTj^C' (or ^C) Sfc’I f. a. p. Or:— qpcSj-v}^ | or ^ or u5<3j| q^'qy^S,' or o*^\ or 33^1 n 5 Or:— ^cw^i / am (or have) to send. And so f. a. p. 33.1 Subjunctive and Conditional Moods. * Present: //.... / shall send. (Present Root) 3j" * qjnC* (or q|^K*) CAJCJ f. a. p. Or:— (Present Root) *" * 3^ ’' | and so on. Past: If. - ■ - I would send. (Perfect Root) * ’ * 3^*" | and so on. Or :— (Perfect Root) ‘ *' qj^C' (or ^C) 8fc*] f. a. p. Perfect: If... .1 would have sent. ( Perfect Root) * * * 3T ' * | and so on. Or :— (Perfect Roott ** * dt* * * or or f. a. p. 334 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. except that is usually confined to the first person, and used with the others. Potential Mood. Present : I can send ; am able to send . ‘T'Fgq I f- a- p. Or:— 1 f. a. p. Or ^ | and so on. Past : I cotdd send. and so on. Fdrfoct : I could have sent. ^•gq-q-y^ | and so on Or :— qjCc-gq-q-a^q,, f . a . p ± KUB ABILITY Present : Perhaps I shall send ; I may send ; It is likely that I shall send. ^I 3q l S^! - *• (Either form of Simple Future), Or:— , t a Or =T|^*q]*^g, f . a> Past : Perhaps 1 should send ; / might semi. ^1^1 3j ^ | arid so on. Or : — q|t=irq*^r • • q^-cXjr-1 f. a. p. TIBETAN ORAMMAB. :i 35 Or epjc-srS^q-o^ | f. a . p . Or :— f. a . p . Perfect : Perhaps l would have sent ; I might have sent. **15*7] ^ | and so on# Or :— q^-^-srqgj f . a . P . Or :— q<pqw^=f 1 f. a. P . Hortative Mood Present: I must send : I ought to send f. a . p . Or:— • • ■ | and so on. Or :— ’ ’ • OT^-^Srpj-J-Kj^ | and so on. Or vulgarly :— • • ’ OTOf1^=rfSpjij | and so on. Also the following, sometimes used :_ / am (or have) to send. * -■“ ar'rpcar^ 1 * * * | Thau art (or hast) to send. He is (or has) to send. Past : / must have sent ; ought to have sent. ar^C^rprCT ( or vulgarly ) CAfej ( and so on Or :— ^ T f. a. p., except that is to the 1st person, and used with the others. usually confined 336 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Purposive Mood. Present : In order that I may send. | f. a. p. Past : In order that I might send. qyr^^afot | f. a. P . Imperative Mood or ‘TfFI Send. CV O- * ■ ' ^ N.B. —v^^|* ( commonly but improperly or ^TTgS', or or or may be added according to rule, or vulgarly | Do not send. PRECATrvE Mood. Lei me, etc. send. C*rn^C-q§ci|* ( q|-) | • B^FTF'JST (%>i pj-affc-q^qj- (%)i N‘D .—The construction here is, “ By me (or thee or him) a sending permit ’ 1 Permissive Mood. Present : I am allowed to send ; / may send. f. a. p„, or | and so on. Past : I was allowed to send ; I might send . | and so on. Future : / shall he allowed to send . | f. a. p. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 337 Or:— C^q^r3T'j , qj - 3ih*1 and so on. N.B. —Here the construction i was allowed, or will be allowed.’ ’ The following is more Bookish : " A sending by me is allowed, or JP I may send. Thou mayest send. He may send. Optative Mood. Present : Oh that /, etc. were sending , or might send. or - | Or, better :— Past: Oh that /, etc. had sent. or q^CCT-^T] i Or, better:— Present: Perfect: Com. Perfect: Future : Participles. =T^Cq | Sending. q*jC*q | Sent. q^cq^-q | or qfp^f or ^CC^t^qi Having sent . | About to send. Active ok Periphrastic, =H^C*£Tp^* or =^C*qr^* or ^C'q'^f ] q^C’SipJSf or I He who sends. He who sent. 43 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 338 ^•sjpaj] He who witt send , or is to send. H fi c '3'T or I NO V ■ Or th© following constructions may b© used Pv P*v 1 Or :— CN O* - The man who sends. PN €?N q5C’5ip<3j3'SI J 1 Or : The man who sent, Cv Cv q*5C*q(^*5^*^ | Cn Cv q^-sjpaj-g-aq | Or :— om-q^SR! 1 f j The man who wiU send or is to send. See. regarding § 38 , v. ix Active and Periphrastic Participles generally Other Participial. Expressions. Present. ‘TF^I | njfca,, =#% | ni^c-q-o] | ai^rq-ajfj j Sending. Sending ; Becausesince., ivhen, while . .sending. Sending; at, for , though.... sending. Though, because.. sending. As, since, .sending. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 339 ‘TF^c-oii ^C'f| Qtpqq | ^C-jq-oj^ | qijC-Sj?) | ^, q^C'q'O) | q'jC-q'^c | q^cmuff I *|TC-q | q tF9l ^•ai, q fF'§^' B I Whilst sending. If , when, though.. send, sending. etc., etc. Past. Having sent. Sent / because , since, when. .sent. \ r Having sent. Because, though... sent. If, when , though.,. sent. >As, since, because, having.sent. J etc., etc. Supines. l To semi. 1 I \For sending. 340 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. q^c-q | q^trq - ^ | ■TF^l ^ 9 ^ I q FF9'^ I Verbal Nouns. -Sending ; the sending ; a sending. j The having sent -The being about to send. Infinitives. Present: | Perfect: Future: q<5C - qt%q | qcjC-o^-q | q TF c ’! | qpc'^S^-q | q j To send. " To have sent , To be about to send> or to be sent. VII.—Active, Transitive, 4-Roofced Literary Verb To send . TIBETAN GRAMMAR. ROOT9. 341 Present: ^'1 Perfeot: *5^1 Future: ^C’l Imperative: or •Qf&h N.B.— Pronouns are omitted, but the construction is in the Agentivb, save where otherwise indicated. or placed over the reduplicated final consonant*, or final vowel of a verb, is also omitted. The S ve*rr Indicative Mood. Present : I send. ^*1 f- a. p. Or, Intensively :— t a. p. Periphrastically :— or Wl or or as ^' c r^ I ffe ' Elegant but obsolete form :— 1 or C T^ ( ^' or Or ;— Same, substituting for Or, Respectfully :— or Sica^" or ' I am Thou art sending, 342 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Past : I sent. f. a . p. Or :— q^C'q*CAJ<3j | q^Cq or occasionally and chiefly interrogatively V^3i | q^C*q*J3aj [ Or : — f. a. p. Imperfect: / was sending. Same as Periphrastic Present, the context showing Tense Or :— q'F’q^aj f and so on, as in Past. Or :— | f. a. p. Perfect: / have sent. Same as Past. Pluperfect: I had sent. Same as Past, or ■— I o r I ’O or <^y\ or | Also^but seldom used, and only at end of sentences :_ or or Q^=Ij' or u3p| ' Future: I shall send. ‘TF'l f - • p Or : — f- a. p TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 343 Or :— qpa-^5, f . a . P . Or :— nfj/cwcr | f- a. p. And not© the following :— q TF3^ I I am (or have ) to send. or interrogatively 1 Thou art (or hast) to send. i He is (or has) to send. Subjunctive and Conditional. Moods. Present: //.../ shall send. (Present Root) * * * ' * (any of the above Future forms), f. a.‘ p. Past : //.../ would send. Same as Present, save that in the Introductory Clause the Perfect Root is used : or :— (Perfect Root) ” * | and so on. Perfect: //../ would have sent. Same as Past. Or :— (Perfect Root) * ” J and so on. Potential Mood. Present: / can send. f. a. p. Or:— Or :— f. a. p. Past : 1 1 could send. f. a. p. 344 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Or:— | f. a. p. Or :— | and so pn. Or :— | and so on. Perfect : I could have sent. j and so on. Or:— J and so on. PrOBABHiITY. Present : I may send ; Perhaps I shall send. | f. a. p., or H^C-Sjc’l f. a . p . Or :— 5f-qr •‘jj^c-eKRg* | f. a . P . Or :— I f- a- P- Or :— *TFh I (■ a. p. Past: I might send. | and so on. Or;— As in Past Tense, Potential Mood. Perfect : I might have sent. ^*3^'! f - a - p- Or ;— ^•sp-erKi^i and so on. Or :— '^'§ £ V £ T^ J and so on. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 345 Hortative. Present: 7 ought to send : 7 must send . f. a. p. Or:— f. a. P . Or :— 7 am (or have) ^ I *¥^u'g’Q^ c T|* or interrogatively Thou art (or I He is (or has) Past : 7 ought to have sent. • • ’ 1 and so on. Purposive Mood. 1 o^cq^dfai | So that I may send, or might send. - Each f. a. p. Preoative Mood. Let me, etc. send.