English
Infinitive Mood. Present : ^ J To see Perfect: 5jqC'gCSI| To have seen. Future : *igE;-g-t%CJ | To be about to see ; To be seen. NO X -—Neuter, One-Rooted Colloquial Verb | To be glad. To rejoice. Hoot *^R! throughout. Conjugated throughout like Colloquial SlsJc’CT To see, save that in the forms in and £'3j'q- the auxiliary particle is }* instead of =n', while the Imperative is ( ®qj-) or cqp^fip 3^' ( "T 7 ] ), or the Literary | Rejoice. Be glad. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 361 The construction throughout is in the Nominative, save that in the Hortative Mood it is in the Dative with AT as in \ To see t No. IX. XI.—Neuter, One-Rooted Literary Verb 1 To be glad , To rejoice. Root Wl throughout. N.B. — The construction is in the Nominative case, except where otherwise indicated. The avdsr* i is omitted. Indicative Mood. Present : 1 am glad : I rejoice . *>**Ptl a - P* Or, intensively :— 1 f - a * P* Periphrastic : I am rejoicing. or pyii or or 35^-er^ 1 Or :— and so on ; or I Or :— ^qp-erSj^ | W^ E T or occ. chiefly interr. | Or :— ^qp*y5’&J^ | and so on. Or, seldom used now :— M|(3;q<i^* (or ^C-*j and so on 362 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. (° r ^') ‘TfM (or .(^C’y £lc6^J* or ■TW or *iS*r*r wj, Past : I rejoiced : I was glad. | f, a. p. Or :— I f * a * p- S5 Or :— ^rr)C\*q^*q|^*crJi^ J and so on. Imperfect : 1 was rejoicing. Same as Present, context indmating Tense. Perfect : I have rejoiced. Same as Past. Pluperfect : I had rejoiced . ^•CR-g^r| f. a. p. Or, though not common :— and so on. Future : I shall rejoice : I shall be glad. ^ETp^CXJC'J f. a. p. Or :— | f- a* p- Or I I am (or have) to rejoice . And so on. Subjunctive and Conditional Moods. Present : //../ shall rejoice . (Present Root) •*•••• Mp^-CJgp, | f. a. p. * • sS Or : — (Present Root) f -*• p- TIBETAN GRAMMAR 363 Or :— (Present Root) * * ’ <3^ *' Fast : If . .1 would rejoice. (Perfect Root) '' * Or — (Perfect Root) * * * *" 1 *W:*| f. a. p and so on. | f. a. p. Perfect : If. .1 would have rejoiced. (Perfect Root) *"^** * J and so on Potential Mood. Present : I can rejoice or be glad . f. a. p. Or :— Or : — | f. a. p *^n*ic* | f. a. p. Past : I could rejoice. Same as Present. Or :— Or and so on | and so on. Or :— f. a. p Or J f. a. p. Perfect : I could have rejoiced, and so on. 364 TIBETAN QRAM Map , Or :— w ^rcrafe j and so on. 'N£> Or :— *^-g=!-era£P| | f. a. p . Or :— | f . a . ^ -o Probability. Present : Perhaps I shall rejoice : I may rejoice. Or :— • • ^jeyq^-g | Or :— ’ • W 2 ^-1 f. a. p. Or :— ! | Or :— l ) P&st i T*€t hcips I would or might TB)oice* W^-WSj I and so on. Perfect i Perhaps I would or might have rejoiced. and so on. Hortative Mood. Piesent: / ought to rejoice ; I must rejoice. ”| f. a. p. Or : — | f a p Past: I ought to have rejoiced. | and so on. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 365 Purposive. Present : In order that I may rejoice. 1 1 Or :■— I 1 Or :— i f. a. p. W^^’5! Or :— Past : In order that I might rejoice. Same as first three forms of Present. Or :— | f. a . P . Pbeoative Mood. Or :— WWl I Or :— ^rrp^asTTpp* | Or :— W&VF I Or : — Let me, etc. rejoice. > f. a. p. 1 I I f f. a. p. Permissive Mood. Present : I am allowed to rejoice ; I may rejoice. * * * or^=Tp^*CJ^*S=T| | f. a. p. Past : I was allowed to rejoice ; 1 might rejoice . ' * * ai^=rp v *a54’5pT]-CI'd}aj | and so on. 366 TIBETAN GRAMMAR* Optative Mood. Oh that I were glad or rejoicing. Or:— , f . a . p Or :— *^■^•3^11 Or :— W'g 1 Or:— • • • or^cvq^Sjsj | Or :— Or :— ^o^’Irg 1 Or :— * * • ar^qp^-gr^qj*! j Imperative. f Rejoice , Be glad. I i J Do not rejoice* Be not glad. j Participles. Present: Rejoicing. Perfect: ^cqa,*5Tc* | Rejoiced Perfect : | Having rejoiced TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 367 Future: sp|C^q^**Tj3$rq| W^'3'^ 1 * About to rejoice. l S q l c VIf'^‘ q i Active, Periphrastic, or Substantive. 1 ^qjGVd'O^SjpWj | ^ETj^-q-wTgq | ^p;<36v5ipwj | ^qi^-q-y^-erwjafcr^ | ] He who rejoices or is glad. The rejoicer . > He who rejoiced , or ivas glad. Matt. xi. 14. Matt. xi. 3. Rom. viii. 36, I Q,gVd^ 1 ^p/d^-gr^ i ) I He who is about to rejoice , anil, or is to, rejoice. or Other Participial Expressions. Present. Same as in To see , No. IX. Past. Same as in sjsfcrq* To see „ No. IX, substituting <3 j^* for 9^*, and ds^s* taking instead of *jj$ | Verbal Noun or Adjective. s^a^-cr ( ^)| ^qp-d^-gq- (^)| Rejoicing ; A , or the rejoicing. The having rejoiced. The being about to rejoice. 368 TIBETAN GRAMMAR, ! Or:— W5I Supines. ► To rejoice or be glad. ( or OT ) ] For rejoicing. Infinitive Mood. Present: J To rejoice or be glad. Past: ^gn/c6vq’jafq | To have rejoiced, or been glcul. ■^•qVQ^-q ] I Future: J }• To be about to rejoice or be glad. ^g^-q^g-q | j XII.—Passive 4-Rooted, Literary Verb or tjp£*£j | To be sent. N.B. The construction throughout is in the Objective or Dative case in OJI Otherwise it is the same as the Active Literary Verb To send. No. VII. as far as and including the Potential Mood. Hortative Mood. Present : I ought to be sent ; / must be sent. qt F' ( or q fp) f. a. p. Or :— ^C-q^-gi f. a. p. Past: I ought to hdve bee ?i qsc- (or £3^-) q^Sfjsj-tr^aj I and soon. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 369 Then it is again similar to Verb No. VII. as far as and including the Optative Mood. Imperative Mood. i • • • | • * * | f Be sent. I i J | * Do not be sent. Present: Participles. ET TF q 1 ') -v— cv -v— r Beinq sent. | \ q^c-q j q*jdfaj-q I q^C'q'wjaj-ci | Com. Perfect: q^c*c^^’q*w55j*q | qjc;*l3<3f q*u^*cj | Future : qgcWg** | qfpq^a^-q | £I lT = '3! n]5C-0-^-q | I s? 1 1 l Been sent. r i- j ► Having been sent. h About to be sent. 47 370 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Periphrastic. q^C-d- or ^,| ( \ He who or that which is sr^q-q^g^-q ( *V or ^>1 i or teas sent. Matt. xi. 3. qjcpq^-Q^- \a q- p , " or ^)| , ^C-q- (^ or $) | Rom. viii. 36. q^-q^-g-q- (^’ or ^)! J ! He who or that wkich, 1 will be, or is to be sent. ‘TFS’ <T or ^j)! Matt. xi, 14. =T]Sc:*^j*ui<3j*q* or ^)l j Same as in No. VIII. Participial Expressions. Colloquial Passive Verb £ TF< To be sent. Supines. Erpc*q^*g’q | qj^C-qs.-g-q^-Eja;-^ | 'O i q R c ‘gg-^'i I q i < 7 c 'g s v'§-'s i To be sent ► For being sent , Verbal Nouns. ^q-q^-q-q-* 1 *i ■ The being abbut to be sent. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 371 Infinitive Mood. S3 ** Bffi-qKaQp* 1 =q^C-ej,-g-q | t To be sent. "iFgi > '*1')^ ^s^rej i To have been sent. XIII. —Active, 2-Rooted Colloquial Verb | To go f Roots. Present: Perfect: ?Tc* or §3jl Puture : ai Imperative : \ or o- i^jd] | ^ With Particle /(3^|* or or 5^1 jwhen appropriate. N.B. —The construction throughout is in the Nominative case. Present : 1 go . oai f- a - p- Indicative Mood. Periphrastic: I Sj-cS^ | am going. C^afSj-W^- or or or wj^*cr^l Past : I went. or M | f. a. p. 372 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Or :— | or occ. or rarely, chiefly interr, % S3 Or:— | and so on. Imperfect : I was going. Same as Periphrastic Present, context showing Tense. Perfect : / have gone . Same as Past. Pluperfect : I had gone . Same as Past. Or, seldom used save at end of sentences :— | and so on. Or :— | and so on. Future : I shall go, q^£Tc;-| f. a. p. Or :— oa%5^ i and so on. Or:— * ■ * arq^ur^ I / am (or have) to go. f. a. p. Or; — **v— ^ cv | and so on, / am (or have) to go. "O Subjunctive and Conditional Moods. Present: If...I shall go. (Present Root) f. a. p. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 373 Or :— (Present Root) and so on. Past : If...I would go. (Perfect Root). . .Same as Present, context indicating Tense. Or :— (Perfect Root) * * * ( or ga^CT ) ^ | and so on. Perfect: If. ../ would have gone. (Perfect Root) * * * <3j* * * 55t*q* ( or ^ ) and so on. Or :— (Perfect Root) "* <3f *■ ?fz* (or |j^*) f. a. p. Or :— (Perfect Root) •Jj—SJC- (Or %) 0^1 f. a. p. Potential Mood Present: 1 can go. f - a - p- Or :— o^qcr35c:*| f. a . p. Or and so on. Past: I could go. | and so on. Perfect : I could have gone | and so on. Or :— f. a. p. Probability. Present : Perhaps I shall go ; / may go t ’l £ T95' a i’'' <a v5 5 ^'! f - a - p- 374 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Or :- ' T i® q rs , vT'' i a " d so on. Or : — a v^'% e J' a v5! f- *• p Or :— f. a . p. Past : Perhaps / might go. £| I® I T3*V^ ’ ’ 9^’ ( or Wj| and so Or :— sj<^r (or STc-ij-) u5afcj-a,5! t. a . P . Or : — SK 6 *' (or 5Tc-^-) f. a. P . Perfect : Perhaps / might have gone. =#T5'V*r ' ’ (or ST"iJ*) I and so on Or : — fft^r ( <>r *5=^') f. a. P . Or :— sj^-er (or STc-rj-) XT*^qj‘| f. a. p. Hortative Mood. Pi 6S6Ht i I ought to go ; / must go. Q a' t S 5 F! f. a. p. Or, : — and so on. Or :— f a. p Or vulgarly : — | and so on. Or :— ^•^SrpOTc: i- f, . P . Or : — Mr^f ®r^ i and so on. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 370 Fast : I ought to have gone. ( or vulgarly | and so on. Or :— 1 a ’ 3ee nc ^ e re P* 354. Purposive Mood. Present : In order that, or so that, I may go. ! f * a - p* Past : In order that, or so that, I might go. (or |C*q^')' ^j*OJ| f. a. p. Imperative Mood. ?