English
Tc (^)| ®wr (-^ni ST <**1)1 (Pronounoed Mdn-do) Do not go. h Go. Precative Mood M-CJgtn- (5*1)1 Let me, etc. go. Permissive Mood. Present : I am allowed, to go : I may go. 0^5*11 . f. a. p. Or :— and so on. {N.B .—Other Tenses may be formed by conjugating regularly.) Optative Mood. Present: Oh that , or would that, I were going. ^’Cl| Q^af<5=j]'cnsq | Or: — e^SJ^q] 1 f J f. a. p. 376 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Past: Oh that, or would that , 1 had gone. §<** (or SJt*) | Or ( or §Tc*q^- ) s£jcrj | ( N.B .—The expressions in 1 J J f. a. p. r are not much used in Colloquial, being rather Literary.) Participles. Present: Perfect: Com. Perfect Future : Going. i STz'cj | r Gone. STc?rei | |dj-ej-w5^-ej | STc’sj-wjaj-q | Having gone. ?Tc;^j-cj'uiaj-q | . ^g-ujaj-cj | About to go. 'VZl'siFi I | Active, Periphrastic, or Substantive. I 5 He who or that which goes ; The goer. (or 1 | I 1 I > He who , or that which went. I He who or that ivhich will go or j is to go. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 377 Other Participial Expressions As m Colloquial Verb SjljC'q* To see , No. IX, Oft taking ?Tc* taking and S3f taking If ?Tu^T be u take sj ] ised it won Id V 2 FI "Sfsi PJPM 1 ('S)l O^pil STc-er (^)i ST sr C^)l (^)l Supines. To ao 1 r For going J Verbal Nouns or Adjectives I l Going ; a or the going. The having gone. The being about to go Infinitive Mood. Present: Q^q] Togo. ^h’CT or £^*q| I STC’ (or I St* ( or ] ( or §<3j*£T) | Perfect 1 To h ave gone, Future: ] To be about to go 378 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. ^IV.—-Active 2-Kooted Literary Verb ] To go. Roots. Same as in Colloquial Verb, No. XIII, omitting igj ^5 A ./■}. n.e construction throughout is in the Nominative Present : / go f- - p- Indicative Moon Periphrastic : / am going . or s 1 s c n' 5 fi qrrj-cq*;^'^- or or y^*ej**sr| Or ^ | and so on. Past : / went. $3-. or T f. a. p. Or : — ^ I f- a. p. Or :— Cs ^! q q^^ CT]* or occ., chiefly interr. uqaj’l^| Or : — | and so on. Imperfect : I was going. Same as Periphrastic Present, context show < )r :— SIZ-CJ (or 5^'CJ- ) l£j<3j^| and so nn. Or - (... |dj%) 5^-cr-j}^, andsoon . ing Ten case. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Perfect : I have gone. Sami* as Past. Pluperfect : I hcul gone. Same as Past. Or, seldom used save at end of sentence ( or and so on. Or : — SC.* (or f- a- I>- Puture : I shall go. Or :— I <• a - p Or : — Q^pjfc-c 1 ) f. a. p. Subjunctive and Conditional Moods. Present: If ...l shall go. (Present Root) ***<3j* (any simple Future). Past : If... I ivould go. (Perfect Root) **'3j'**?fc*q* ( or §<^T ) 1 and so on. Or, same as Present. Perfect : //... I would have gone. (Perfect Root) (or ) 35^*^"l and so on. f Potential Mood. Same as Potential Mood in Literary =T|^C*q | To send , N using Root ] throughout. Probability. Present : Perhaps I shall go : I may go. srijN! . .. (simple Future). Or :— | f. a. p. 380 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Or :— °a : S! s ni f -• p- Past : Perhaps I would go ; I might go. } and so on. Perfect; Perhaps I would have gone ; I might have gone. and so on. Hortative Mood. Similar to Literary ^1^1^ j To send , No. VII. Purposive Mood. Similar to Literary | To send , No. VII, using Root G^[]* in Present Tense, and or in Past Tense. °r ^C'l Or Or;— Q \ : 3^*€ C T or Precative Mood. 1 I ^ Let me t etc., go, j Permissive and Optative Mood. As in Literary ^Cq 1 To send t No. VII, keeping the construc¬ tion in the Nominative case and using the appropriate roots. SfC’l Or:— j Or : — NO Or :— Imperative. ► Goy Begone. J TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 381 *•<*£] 1 Or :— Or : Or:— a$jrq*Sr& | Present: Perfect: Gem. Perfect : Future : r Do not go. Participles, wi Going. or St* (or §3f) St* (or g(3j*) I^*q | \G one j (or ?Tc- (or §3j-) a^;q-%q, ^ Ha gon , ?fc (or 1^-) Saj-cj-tAjaj-c] j j ^•q^-g-q, "SSI cvsrai About to go J Active or Periphrastic or Substantive, Same as in Colloquial No. XIII, save for the following i— c^q^g-q^, 5'^Pi I ^sjpaji 1 \ He who or that which will go, or IS to go. J 382 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Participial Expressions. Same as in Colloquial No. XIII. SSc’cr <^)| (^)l e^T-q^o^-tr (^)| Oa'-q^-g-q- (3)1 (^)l Verbal Nouns. Going ; a or the going. The having gone. 1 | The being about to go. na'^ t cafei ■ 'O S 9 Supines. f To go. r For going Present: Perfect: Infinitive Mood. To go. Sfc'q* or §<3j'^| | ?TC* (or ! ! [ To have gone. (or |<5j) 3^CJ| ! vq-q- (,„• g^q-) c%q| | TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 383 ^Sfq^-g-q 1 Future: O^f q^aSI-C) | j. To be about to .jo. £f 5 ! XV.— Two-rooted Literary Verb Q^’-q | To become. To be changed , To be turned, To grow , etc. N.B .—This verb is often used as an Auxiliary verb, and the way in, and extent to which, it is so employed, is best seen in the other Literary Conjugations. It is purely classical. The construction here is in the Nominative case. Hoots. Present: | Perfect: | Future : <^3^ | S *5 Imperative : 3^ I but sometimes \ Indicative Mood. Present : 1 become. f. a. p. Periphrastic : 1 am becoming. or >0 O or or 5jyq-^p] Fast: / became. 3^* or 3^*5 1 f - a - P- Or 3 w fi B T a T or occ. chiefly interr. UsJ<X1 384 TIBETAN GRAMMAR, Imperfect : / was becoming. Same as Periphrastic Present, context showing Tense Or :— g^*q*CN3j*^ f and so on. Or :— ] and so on. 'O Perfect : l have become. Same as Past. Pluperfect : / had become. Same as Past. Or, though seldom used :— f. a , p . Or f. a. p. Future : I shall become. r^^-q^g^X] f. a. p. Or :— (^•q*;qaj f. a. P Subjunctive and Conditional Moods Present: If... I shall become. (Present Hoot) ***<3j’*‘ (simple Future). Past : If ... I would become. (Perfect Root) "•^■•• 3^1 f - a - p- Or :— (Perfect Root) ” ' * *g^q’Wj^l and so on. Perfect : If... I ivould have become. (Perfect Root) ’ ‘ ’ <3f * * gVq*3J^~J and so on. Potential Mood. Probability*, Hortative Mood (A s in Literary Verb q T To be glad. No. XI.) TIBETAN GRAMM Alt. 3 86 Purposive Mood. Present : So that 1 may become. r §Vj | f. a. p. Fast : So that I might become. ° r 3**31 f- a. p. Precative Mood. Q 2F^ , (§ q r or Or :— Q a i; '5'§ £ T ° r 1 I [ Let me, etc. become Permissive and Optative Moods. As in Literary | To send. No. VII, keeping the construc¬ tion in the Nominative Case, and using the appropriate Roots. Imperative Mood. a*' dm or sometimes Or :— ■ * ■ oroa | or ’ Or :— • * • orog 1 Become f Do not become. Participles Present: Perfect g^-ci| gviS^-si i •3c3j-q | ftecomi juj S3 ) ► Become 49 386 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. q]^*q-c^aj*q | xo Com. Perfect: | no y Having become Future : g^'^q | j \3 S? q^fWg-q | S3 W 9 I N? ^•0-dj3j-q | Periphrastic Expressions. About to become < >r ^1 < 5 NO \ OT *•) 1 0^-er (?’ or NO *?)! 3*^pr NO or ^)| NO NO ■q- or <S (^erp-q^-g-q- NO (^‘ or $>l "N S3 (S' f 5>! 1 or ^)| V S3 (^' or ^)l ^91 / He who or that which becomes C The becomer. He who or that which became. ] 1 He who or that which is to, or will, become. i \ NO ] Other Participial Expressions. Same os in Q To see t No. XI, using the appropriate Roots Both an< * 3^’ ta ^ e T an <J Jpi ( Supines 1 NO n? *o To become. TIBETAN GRAMMA it. 387 q^-ejS;^ j qrTjvqa^-o, j SO s? <0 (?)| g**r (?)! NO NO p^qpwg-rr ( ^ } | S5 a,5JW%cT ( )| 1 i- /''or becoming. Verbal Nouns. Becoming. A or the becoming . TAe having become. “N r The being about to become. Infinitive Mood Present Perfect Future: q^jvq | sf**n so I no 2^%q 1 N5 2pvcp*}<3fcr | NO •a^^l 1 NO NP J 1 i qg^-0-a^q \ j To become. f To have become. ^ To be about to become. XVI.—Active, 4-Rooted Colloquial Verb 3V To do. To make N,B .—The construction is in the Agentive case, save where otherwise indicated. Roots. Present: 3^ ] Perfect: 3N ] Future : 3 \ Imperative: 3 \ g*v, B\ I 51 ! etc. 388 TIBETAN GRAMMAR The construction is throughout similar to that of Colloquial To tend. No. VI, up to and including the Optative Mood, save for the following : — Imperative Mood. 5*r^q | !)*!■% 1 S 1 ^ 1 1 .i , Do J *rtM Do not do. N.B .—The form Do is pro ha My really ^^1 1 Participles. As in Colloquial To sew!, No. VI. Active or Periphrastic Expressions. As in Colloquial To send No. VI. Other Participial Expressions. Present. 5*VV ) gip Doing . l BV* 1 | Because, since, irhen, while., doing. And so on, as in Colloquial To send. No. VI. g*rsj Past. Having don 4 . \ | Because, since, when . .d*d t or g^I'Cj*oi54 | i was 4/one, or A// done. And sii on, as in Colloquial To send , No. VI. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 389 Supines, and Verbal Nouns and Infinitive Mood. As in Colloquial To nerui. No. VI. ■* XVII.—Active. 4-Rooted Literary Verb, g^'Cp Tn (io * To make , etc. Roots. Present: \ Perfect : j As in Active Colloquial Verb, No. XVI. Future: J Imperative : ) I Indicative Mood. Present : I do ; I make. f -p- Intensive : l do do ; I do make. 'K^-gvsi f -• p- Periphrastic : / am making.