English
Or, in Colloquial:— Or Or :— Or :— An Intensive form of 'Vfi-er ia ^F ( Vfi' er To long to crave. > I wish to see. to yearn , Example :— I long to go to Darjeeling . Instead of / wish to go f another Literary form is ^ have a desire jot going „ i.e. to go. XIV. — Freqvtentatives may be formed, not by repeating the Root of the Verb, blit by the Periphrastic Present. Example:— H^gsi^’pc-nj’Q^aj’qj^en'EIlSJ Do you often go to Court (i.e Lavj Courts) ? TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 307 Or the adverb Often, may be added. Thus : — 15^-jgsi*r pc-nr sjgsi?r skG jw^sf Do you often go to Court ? XV.— Use of the Perfect Root in the Colloquial. When the Present Root of a Verb ends in an inherent IN’ (e.g. To look), or in an inherent Q/ (e.g. To bear , or bring forth), or in ^ (e.g. J’Q* To request , to ask), or in (e.g. £J* To live , feed, nourish) , that Present Root is generally used for the Present Indicative, the Future Indicative in etc., the Present Participle, Periphrastic Present Participle, Present Infinitive, Supine and Verbal Noun. Of course, it is quite allowable, and even proper, both when speaking and writing, and especially when writing the Colloquial, to use the Roots that are assigned to particular moods and tenses for those moods and tenses It is said, however, that) as a matter of fact this is seldom or never done, at least in Vulgar Colloquial. It is also said that if, in the verbs above referred to. the Future is formed with for all persons, instead of with Sj'uCvs* etc., the Perfect Root should be used ; and that for all other verbs the Colloquial usually adopts the Perfect Root, jf any, for all moods and tenses. This is very doubtful, except perhaps in vulgar Colloquial. The idea, especially as connected with the Future Tense, probably arises from the fact that the Perfect Root often has the same, or nearly the same, sound as the Future Root. For instance, in the Verb To send , the Perfect Root ql F and the Future Root sound alike or nearly alike. In this case, the better course would he to use *TF' instead of ^E’ for the Future in i-C’E* The best coarse would be to use the Hoots properly # in 11 CHAPTER III. SYNTAX. § 39. —Moat of what the student will desire to know under this head has already been dealt with in Chapter II, Etymology, in connection with each of the different parts of speech, but a brief resume of the main rules will doubtless be appreciated. 1. —Every Tibetan sentence is ordered thus : Subject, Object, Predicate. Examples :— I am reading this book. C* or / want to go to Darjeeling. sfr (°>- ° r s'? * / q^-Qt^-erS^- j | 2. —As regards the component parts of the subject, or of the object, if the student thinks more or less backwards y he will get a very fair idea of the order in which they should be spoken or written. That order is as follows : — (а) pThe principal substantiveunless it is qualified by an adjective in the genitive case, in which event the adjective comes first. (б) The adjective when in any case other than the genitive. (r) Participial clauses containing relative or correlative pro¬ nouns, and auxiliary to the principal substantive. These follow the rule of the adjective. (rf) The numeral, or the definite or indefinite article, and then the postposition. 3. —Adverbs precede, and interrogative pronouns immediately precede, the verb which they qualify or with which they are connected. 4. As regards the predicate, the verb comes last, every extension of the predicate preceding it. As regards the verb itself, the principal TIBETAN GRAMMAR. verb comes first, either in the shape of an infinitive in the terrmnative case, or of a simple infinitive, or of a root, and then comes the active, auxiliary, or causative verb, these last alone being conjugated with reference to mood and tense. 5.—The general aspect of a Tibetan sentence, particularly if long and complex, is a series of subordinate clauses in a state of suspense, winding up with a definite statement. Example:— cr ^c* | pz* @pr §*r WSC'mgWQ | (Matt. v. 1, 2.) And seeing the multitudes he went up into the mountain : and when he had sat down , his disciples came unto him : and he opened his mouth and taught them , saying. But the literal Tibetan is :— Then by him the crowds seeing, into the mountain having gout, having sat down, the disciples into his presence having come, by him mouth having opened , to them teaching was said. APPENDIX. CONJUGATIONS. Xote .—These are intended for ready reference ; and, to economize space, pronouns have been omitted, except at the beginning. The plural is the same as the singular. They are not to be regarded as rigid, immutable expressions, but as forms which take on a moulding according to the structural necessities of the sentence. I.—Colloquial To be present ; To exist ; To be. Indicative Mood. Present. / am , or We are . SV 5 ^' <> r VFI I Thou art , or You are. or OfiOT or | He or it is, or They are. Or, with an Indefinite signification : — for all persons. Past. Same as Present, context shewing Tense. Or : — | I was. 13^ or occasionally q*^,^* or (rarely, chiefly interro* gatively) U^'cr^ | Thou toast . P’Us' 5 ^’^* or occasionally or rarely CAJ^*q*ysJ<^ | He was. Imperlect: 7 was existing A Same as Present, context Perfect : 7 have existed. > shewing Tense; or same Pluperfect: 7 had existed. * as above form of Past. Future for all persons : / shall exist , TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 3 i 1 Subjunctive and Conditional Moods. Present : // (so and so). . . .(then) I shall exist, {Present Root).. . .^* .... for all persons. Past *. If .... I would exist. (Perfect Root). - • - 3T ■ ■ ■ • and so on as in Past Tense Indicative Mood. Or : — (Perfect Root)__f. a. p. (— for all persons). Perfect : If __ / would have existed. (Perfect Root). . . .<3^* .... or ... 3^ or * ' ' a * P Potential Mood Present : / can exist. 53*^*or f. a. p. Or : N * Cv ^ ( or or rarely, chiefly interrogatively, ) | ^ sp ( or w or rarely ) | ^ sP Past : I could exist, W’^q'Sfc’] f. a. p. Or t and so on, as in Past Indicative. Probability. Present: Perhaps / shall exist ; I may ertsf ; It is likely „ etc c #T3^ 3 T*fc*1 f. a. p. Or :—- 35fe-Spfiafq-qg | f. a . P . Or :— 5Tc%Wf3f (or )1 f. a, p. 312 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Past : I might exist. | and so on, as in Past Indicative. Or : — ^'Tl'v’T' ^ or 00*11 f “P ■O Or :— ( or i srt%er*\51 f. a. P . Or :— 3^- (or B^) q-J3jg- or ^ST| f a p Hortative Moon. Present: / must exist; I ought to exist. I f- a -P-)Or 1 f. a. p. Or :— -,31?'T 1 ^'^ | and so on, as in Indicative Present of Colloquial <%U Or vulgarly :— and so on , as next above. Past : I ought to have existed, | and so on, as in Indicative Past Or :— ^¥^'1 fa.p. Or vulgarly :— ^ I and so on > as in Indicative Past, but with £J* instead of -M Purposive Moon. Ptesent and Past : That , or In order tkat ) or So that I mag or might exist. TJ B ETA N G KA M M A K. 3 l 3 Imperative Moon, Be ; exist. qc*, or or tq^cj'Ipr^ or D^*q 5^\ or iXjq’q-gsr^ or | f. a. p. If Attributive only, then q^N'^ or qSJ* (Coll,), or q^' or or *JE^| Prohibitive : 3T^qC* f or SJ* ( yj^’q*) 3^’, or ST ( ) ^§^', or SJ* (uJq’CT ) 1 f. a. p. Note. — or ? 0r *F, , be added according to rule, Precative Mood. Let me exist. (with or without etc.) f. a. p. Permissive Mood. I may exist ; I am allowed to exist. y^'S^T) | f. a. p. Or:— yk**&l*5j*yK* or 0^] yT^**^^]*^* or a^T[ or 3j^*q*^ | (This last may be conjugated on, according to mood and tense.) Optative. Oh that / existed ; Would that I existed. or yT^'q’^i i f - a - p- 314 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Participles. Present: 5^1^'CJj Existing ,* Being. Past: | Existed ; Been. Com. Perfect: Wsi^*q*wi^ J Having existed ; having been. Future : wfc***, or 1 About to exist or be. Periphrastic Expressions. SCj^'S|p^ [ Who or which exi&s or existed . Wjt*q | Which exists or existed. (or wft*g*) | Who is to, or will, exist . ^ 0 r wjt***) wj3j’q’^| Which is to, or will, exist. ’O wJt'Sff (or wit***) "Ditto. S3 Other Participial Expressions. Present. WFj'tft* | A s, since, because, etc. exists, exist. 1 1 a, then wi^qq^^roi ] ^ €XtsL me of existing ; when, while .... exists In or by existing ; if, when „ .... exists, exist wi^*OJ | Existing . -v— Cv i Though, because existing. For existing. Past. wj^q-^C' | - 44<s f since, because, when, after, eto. existed. 1 Though, because * • ♦ * existed. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 315 Verbal Nouns or The existing. Supines. Us^*£T a or ys^'0 | wT^-cra^’n i 'To exist ; To be, I f For existing ; For being ■ I J Infinitive Mood. To exist : To he. To have existed ; To have been. Usf^'CJ | ttj^rS}e3j*ci | CNC*=3* ( or £*IC*0* ) iN<3j*£J j To be about to exist. N.B .—may always be used for wjafcr but rnav not be used for UsJ^CJI IT.—Literary To ea**s* „■ To be present ; To be. (N.B. —The forms in ogw are only used when that verb is s being used as a mere copula.) Indicative Mood. Present : / exist ; l am existing ; l am jrresenl ; I am. (Same as in Colloquial.) Or, elegantly but rather obsoletely : — C'siXsj ] / exist. J2^*eT|cq^ | Thou ex is test. or R|M*, or | He exists. Or respectfully ;— 316 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 1 or SJCOy’, or 1 N.B.— SlS^'CT is an elegant form for | / t m c '’ .. „ * P p t J) * 5 <V^1 -£ J I P I ,, ^ 1 SJM’q* „ a respectful ,, „ ] Past : / existed. (Same as in Colloquial.) Or :— f. a. p. Or :— > j O W*l| 3*^1 f . a. p. I ivas ....