English
Or :— | and so on, as in second form of Indicative Past of Literary U4<3j*£J | Or :— crjVq'C^ | Ditto. Imperfect: I tvas existing , (Same as Present, context showing tense.) Perfect: t have existed ; Pluperfect: I had existed . (Same as Past.) Future : / shall exist. f. a. p. Or ; — ^ | f. a. p. 1 shall be .. .. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Subjunctive and Conditional Moods. Present: If..... .1 shall exist. ~ (Present Hoot) **’^’** (any Future form as above). Past : If . I would exist. (Perfect Hoot) * * *<3(* * * | and so on. Or 31 Or : Or : — • * * f and so on. *"* <3|* * * 3^'CJ'ys T <3j | and so on. I would be ' * * ! f. a p Or : — ***£■'* 1 f. a. p / would be.. . . Perfect : If... .1 would have existed. (Perfect Root) ’ * * , or ' * * or 9^ 1 ^ a - P* •<> ^ Or :— * * * 3T * * | and so on. Or :— * * * 1 and soon. I would hare been Potential Mood. Present: I can exist. f. a. p. Past : / could exist. U^*q^*<4*£|'qcETr or occasionally, chiefly interrogatively, w’waprcrdfe t Njl Perfect: I could have existed. and so on. 318 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Probability. Present: Perhaps l shall exist: l may exist. sr-i^r • • j f a. p. Or :— fap Or :— ] f. a. p. “O Past: Perhaps I would exist: I might exist. 54*354* * * y5^*q^'g^*q*w5^ | and so on. Or :— ] and so on. Or : — gvjsr * * f. a. p. Perfect: / would have existed: / might have existed. 54*^54' ’ ’ DT^q^tTp/q'cXf^ | and so on. Or :— E^*q^*§^*q*u^ | and so on. Hortative Mood. t Present; / must exist; I ought to exist. w^*q^a^j*?f or uj^q^*g | f. a . p. Past : / mlist have, existed ; ought to have existed. D^*q^*^ 5 j 54 *q*t^T^ | and so on. Purposive Mood. Present and. Past : In order that I may or might exist. f. a. p. w Or : — | f. a. p. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 319 Imperative Mood. MwrJfci or | Exist. Precative Mood. Let me etc., exist. or 1 f. a. p. Permissive Mood. Present : I am allowed to exist . t a. p. Or :— | f. a. p., or 5J^'q§^dpr?T ] f. a. p. Past: / was allowed to exist. | and so on. Future : / shall he allowed to exist. f- a. p. 1 \ sS Optative Mood. Oh that I might exist. Or :— 1 J. f. a. p. Or :— 1 j Participi.es. (Same as in Colloquial.) Periphrastic Expressions : — Same as in Colloquial. Als : — 320 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. ^ 3 ^ 1 He who exists or existed . * That which exists or existed Other Participial Expressions. Present : Existing. 3}yor f Si^’erar, ^‘5^, BjyqS^aj-y, etc. Past: Having existed. KT^ f Sf^-q^ t*5*^*r, u^-q^cr | etc. Verbal Noun. u^’q* or t*l^*q^| Existing, To exist or | Supine. To exist. Infinitives. (As in Colloquial.) Also y^-q^'O^jvq | To be about to exist. N.B. ^1^ nisy iilwitys b6 Listed instead of y5aj’q* 9 but tN^q’ may never take the place of y^’q* when the latter means To be present , To exist. III.— Colloquial CN^’q* To be Indicative Mood Present. WT / am. or oecasiona y ^V, or rarely, chiefly interrogatively I ^ I, hou art TIBETAN GRAMMAR 321 or occasionally cv or rarely | Past: Imperfect: Perfect: Pluperfect: I was. I was being. I have been. I had been. He is. \ Same as Present, context showing Tense. Future : I shall be. | f. a. p. {N.B .—Also used for Indefinite Present.) Or :— * * * J or ”'¥^V or ’*' =T T~ 5 V or ’ * ’ or ***=T|*£f^| Subjunctive and Conditional Moods. Present : If ... I shall be. (Present Root with followed by either of above Future forms.) Past : If .... I would be. (Perfect Root) | ) > ) > * i Or : (Perfect Root) Perfect : If .. (Perfect Root) ' Or :— (Perfect Root) ' ' ’ ‘ ’ or ’ •' or - • • crwjaj | " CT'S' or or 5TWJS | f. a. p. .. I would have been. " <3j* * * I and so on. **^”*5Jy or •••q k ^cq- or ***g-'| each f. a. p., save that is confined to 1st person. si Potential Mood Present: I can be. fefSJCT or *^aq-5fc-1 11 S5 f. a. p. 322 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Past: 1 could be. | f. a. p. context showing Tense. Or : — SF%*\ f a - P Or :— | and so on. Probability. Present and Past : I may or might be ; Perhaps I shall or would be, ’ * ^ c * i f • a - p* Or — ufcSfu&pfQft ] f. a. p. Or : — f. a. P . / Hortative Mood. Present : I ought to be ; I must be. t ^ a r^PU f-a-P- Past : I ought to have been ; must have been. 1 f° r * sfc P erson . others taking | S3 ^ Purposive Mood. In order that I may or might be. | f. a. p. Imperative Mood. 5*r, 2F, §*V, or | He.. Do not be. Precative Mood. Let //?#?, etc. be. 1 f. a p. with or or or X*W | added according to rule.) or (Ml TIBETAN GRAMMAR Permissive Mood. Present : I am allowed to be. f.a. p. Or :— *£crj CTj | and so on. Past : I uhus allowed to be. f f. a. p. Or : — c%S=r|*q* *jaj | and so on. Optative Mood. Oh that I were : Would that 1 were ^i’^T or ^^*^1 I f. a. p. Present: Past : Com. Perfect: Future : Pa RTICIPLES. ^'q | 0^-q*;*j<3j*q j DTc'q^* or D^-rrT| Being. Having been About to be or tvjaj-q*? j 2fc-0-5jp3j , 'O Periphrastic Expressions. Who or which is or was. 1 ! I H ho or tt*h ich will op to he. tibbtan grammar. :<?a Other Participial Expressions. Present. 1 i efc or Sm^CJ ^•aj| tSs*q*ai | I iAe iime o/ being ; are. when, while . . a?to, te. By, if > when . .am, is, arc. ^4s, since, because. .am, is, arc. Being. ,4 s. .a?, is, are. Of or for being. 1 5is'3j l j^q-aw I u^-er^C‘ 1 afci t y5^3>* | Past. ilFAen, while..was, were. J 4 s. was, were, 1 Having been; as, since , wAen, because V _woe, icere. *45 since y b€C<mss > whsn* ..tws, were, 9 / 1 Verbal Noun. > Being ; The being ; To be. ) TIBETAN GRAMMAR. :i2 Supines. ^Cl| ■%91 ,To be. I *%*g*<%q | Sfc**3* wq | Infinitives. To be To have been. To be about to be, N.B. — C*I<3j'CJ | is only a copula, and may not be used for SnS M*, but CA^*CJ* may be used for 1 Moreover, it must always be remembered that whether Colloquial or Literary, is never used substantively, blit * always in connection with some noun, adjeotive, or substantive or auxiliary verb, into which its forms have to be moulded. IV. —Literary | To be. ’Indicative Mood. Present: I am. (X)t Cv •Vn'T (9) or occasionally, chiefly interrogatively, (T>1 Or, honorifically :— (Not used : ordinary with instead of C ) | opfj*r (5j-) or aid|tsrq^' (3) | TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Past: / was. Same as first Present form, context showing Tense. Or :— (X> 1 (qj'j or occasionally, chiefly interrogatively | •••cr% (X)i Imperfect: Perfect: Pluperfect : Future : I was being* / have been I had been. I shall be. Same as first Present form, con¬ text showing Tense; or same as Past. "' £W ' q 3^' <*)1 ! ( T)| i- each f. a. | •••qXo^- (X")| J Conditional and Subjunctive Moods. Present : If ... .1 shall be. (Present Hoot) * * * <3j‘ ’ * qgp* ( X) ] f. a. p. '’O Past : // . ... I trovhi be. (Perfect Root.) t >i- : — > i Perfect: If. ” • • g^,-qV4af ( * ) | and so on. * "■4j—g;T| f.a. p. . . / would have been. (Perfect Root) ^ ) | and so on. Present : / Can. be, (S 7 ,) f.a. p. Potential Mood. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 327 Past: I could be. E%j| and so on. Or : — (^) | and so on. Perfect: I could have been . ( ^ ) | and so on. Or :— ^^'aprq* 5 i^ (^)| and 30 on. Or :— WWf^q'Sfc- (Cf*)| f. a. P . Or :— Sj^q^tergc’ (T*)| f. a. p. Probability. Present : I may be ; Perhaps I shall be. * * CR* (or * * * CJ*/ or * * * Hfc* ) O^' ( T) | f. a p. NJ Or :— (*^)| f. a . p. Or :— (2ff)| f. a. P . \3 Past: I might be ; Perhaps I would be. SJVjST * * W (or * * * W or * * * Sfc*) (^)| and so on Or :— u5aj*q^*S^*cr^* (?) | and so on. Perfect : I might have been ; Perhaps / would have been. (or or ) 3^*35^* (*^)1 and so on Or (*^j | an d so on. 32b TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Hortative Mood. Present : I must be ; I ought to be. ( 54 )| i 1 Or;— <■ 1 1 Or :— j. f. a . p. (C)| i Or :— tAjaj*CJ§;^=T|$r (?T)| Past: I must have been ; / ougkt to have been (*^)| and so on. Or :— WjXJV^qsrgC ( C ) 1 f. a. p. Or ; — ( <3\ ) | and so on. Or :— (6^)| and so on. Purposive Mood. In order that I may or might be. ^*qVO£)V^*§V ( X) ? or §V~, or X^] f. a . p. ^ S3 Or : — £mC-0<5/§*/ ( X") | f. a. p. Or :— ••'W (or CIV or or ***S* or * *' O ^ 9^1 f - a. p. or TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 329 Imperative Mood. "V (or — y or or •'■§•) Or :— -■qjR- or or \5 Be. Precative Mood. Let me > etc. be. | f- a. p. Permissive Mood. Present : 1 am allowed to be. uiafqsraS]* (=q)i f. a. P . Or :— tSjanwwfSyBj^ (Sj| and so on throughout. Optative Mood. Would that I were ; Ok that I were I f * a - p- Verbal Noun. ttJaj’CT or yfo’crij | Being ; The being ; To be. Supine. or y^3j*S | Tr be. Participles. Present: Being. | Past: ttjafCI 1 Been. Com. Perfect * DT^'Cr^CJ | Having been. ^•£1^-0 | Future: Sjfc'ft- or Sfc^| S^Cg or vs vp Not being. Not been. Not hamng been. * Not about to be. 330 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Periphrastic Expressions. or WJ3j'CT^' or Ijf or Sk'C'rjSjp.Sj-p- or ^ | •••^3'^’ or V WC-0^- or NJ? W^R’ or or Who or which is or was. Who will be, or is or are to be, “ Which will be, or is or are to be, ’-%q§\g-aj | u^qp-psrnj | 1 % 3 | <%ai | •Jj^-0541 %=jp | Other Participial Expressions. Present. !. I • At the time of 6e??w/ ; when, while , as . . am, is, are.