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AU should hear this precept , Having heard, should keep it well ; Whatever things we do not ourselves like ; Should not be done to others. ( Tangyur ). 1 ou must exert yourself and arise , And walk according to Buddha's teaching. There may be said to be still another construction in 0* added to the Future Root (or to the Present Root if there is no Future Root) Cv Combined with in the Present Indicative. This expresses the idea of 1 am to, or l have to. Thus :— csrcrpc eff | I N§ ^ p^r c J]S£*ai*y\ T oj} •o c-o3f0-^ | Svvfg-'v^ i 'O F®^'0"-^ l And also another in I^T I have to send. Thou hast to send. He has to send. I am to go. Thou art to go. He is to go. Thus / have (or am) to send. / have (or am) to go. 292 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. K. — Purposive. To express In order that. In order to , With the object of , or other similar phrase, the Infinitive is put in the Genitive case, followed, in the Colloquial, by and, in Literary Tibetan, by or • ^rV, the construction being the same for all persons. Examples :— (or q 5 CT) So that I may (or might) send, or or nn*ra?4* C*flH*q^*q* He wrote to me in order that I might know. pitf-wpj I spoke thus with the object of ** pleasing you . ^*cq^c:54*?r ] He is reading the book in order to learn law. 1 L. — PrecatiVe, In Literary Tibetan the construction is in €*1’ or Impera¬ tives of Q^l'q* and ^C'q* To allow ; the verb it governs being put in the Terminative case of the Root or of the Infinitive, 4- \ Examples :— ^•^ q r^'§ E T sq i 1 c*r m • qjSfa • • q^* Let these go their way . (John xviii. 8.) Let me send thee some tea. If the governed verb is active and transitive, the subject is in the Agentive. caq^'cf *mST Sl^qiSs'CT Let the dead bury their dead. 1 ' 1 ^ ^ 1 1 ’ (Matt. viii. 22.) 'O TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Ii93 The Colloquial construction may also be in but, it is usually in (the Perfect Root used as an Imperative) ; but in either case only the Root of the governed verb is used. Example:— ca? qwi • 3^'i'gjc • ^ • aflf £, S q r yr or | V Let ms all go to Darjeeling, N.B.— KTOI* in the polite expression is merely the Colloquial way of pronouncing i n the polite Literary expression Please , Be so good as, etc. M. — Permissive. In Literary Tibetan the construction is in CJ To be allowed or permitted ; the governed verb being generally put in the Instrumental case of the Infinitive, and the subject in the Agentive, if connected * with a Transitive verb. * Examples :— 1 / may (or am allowed to) send. Thou mayest send. He may send. I was allowed to send. 1 shall be allowed to send. {N.B .—This construction in W, or is generally used in books only.) Sometimes the construction in *,CCT To be suitable, or proper, is used idiomatically instead of the above. Example :— sjpg*r'T}c*$e£ : | Whatever has been done is proper, which is the ordinary idiom for You may do as you please , or whatever you like. 294 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. The Colloquial construction is in added to the Root of the governed verb. Subject in Nominative for Intransitive verbs. Examples :— or 1 xp or gq]*§j-uT^* # or or y^-cr?^ I C-^IHq-crcXr^^ or 3&|^| or C*| or H or SqpJcf F^'=T^'^' or I But with Transitive verbs Examples : — or S=T)’q’y5oj | or q^C'S=T|*iXit* Also note : — C'3&J ’ pc * !r| * qs^* <3p * oj* cj* aqq|* or gq|*qpj| I may (or am permitted /o) go. Thou mayest go. He may go. I might have gone t or would have been permitted to go. I shall be allowed to go. Thou wilt be alloiced to go. He will be allowed to go. subject is in the Agentive. I may {or am allowed to) send. I was allowed to send. I shall be allowed to send. Are we allowed to smoke in this room ? N. — Optative. In Liteian Tibetan this may be formed by putting the verb in the Terminative case of the Infinitive and adding g^’ the Imperative 'sS ’ of qgq-q* To be. To become, followed by <T //, and an inter- XP 1 jection. TIBETAN GBAMMAB. 295 Example :— Would, or Oh, that I might send. Another .Literary construction is in '^^1*, the Imperative of or To come ; the verb being similarly put in the Terminalive case of the Infinitive. Examples :— Would that 1 might send. May you without fatigue proceed happily. (Das.) Another Literary construction is in <S’ If, combined with the expression <5'ST^C* How suitable, or excellent. Examples : srsc-1 Ohthat , or would that, l were going. Would that / had not gone. Would / were permitted to give you the book. In the Colloquial the Root or followed by ^Fl! Examples :— 1 <*T) ?ni csrqjfc- ( q ' j ^ii The following Colloquialism the Infinitive of the verb is used. Would I were going. Oh that I might send. also heard :— Oh that I might send. Would 1 were going. 296 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. O, — Imperative. It will be remembered that many verbs have no distinctively Imperative Roots. Such, for instance, are 51£JC^‘ To see, and To receive, each of which has only one Root throughout ; and To weep and To flee, each of which has only a Present and a Perfect Root. In all such cases the Present Root is used in Literary Tibetan for the Imperative, with the addition of the Irapera^ Cv Cv cs tive sign 3 C T. epr. or '^ CT ]\ agreeably to the final letter of the Root, The further addition of V has a softening effect, and so has A politer form adds to the Root, and a still more respectful form adds to the Root. Rules, it is true, are given in some grammars for the formation of the Imperative Root, but, as they are somewhat complex, and, more¬ over, do not always work, it is just as easy and much safer to look up in the dictionary the Imperative Root of each individual verb, and remember it as well as one can. Prohibitives are formed with 5T (never except in the case of W and CJ’j preceding either the Imperative Root or the other part of the verb, if a compound one, e.g. \ or sri^rg'V, or |y rr§T Vo not forget. With some verbs, even though they have Imperative Roots of their own, the Present Roots, and not the Imperative Roots, are used for Prohibitions. Examples :— To go ; Present Root Imperative Root Go : Prohibitive (pron. MaN-po.) Do not go. gv* To do; Present Root Imperative Root £^4* or Don't do. sometimes 3S Do; Prohibitive 51 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. To come ; Present Root C^fc' . Come ‘ Prohibitive Don't come. In the case of Double Imperatives, the two Imperative Root V3CTT Roots are united by Examples : — "^Fl OT^ ^jq] | Come and see. (John i. 39.) In the Colloquial, if one is using the different Roots properly, the true Imperative Root, or, if none, then the Present Root, is adopted for the Imperative, as in Literary Tibetan. Examples :— |5^'!2J*r^'a,S'3 c Tpi- ( for C|’) §N| Take charge 0 f this horse. ■ri^r^s i Don't forget. ^ r > the Colloquial has a special Root of its own, it mav be used Examples :— or elegantly ^ . > Take charge or this horse. or vulgarly J \ But if, as may often be done, one is using the Perfect Root for all moods and tenses, then that Root is also used for the Imperative with or without 3=7]^ <3p]^ or J If this latter Imperative sign is used at all, the Colloquial usually Cv adopts the form 5^1 | ^1", however, is only used in the case of stern or urgent orders or injunctions, or when talking to coolies and the like. The Colloquial equivalents for 3jsr|*rge- Sjejpi'qjap^ and WE' are and IN | is also largely used in the Colloquial instead of and has a softening effect. 29S TIBETAN GRAMMAR. The following are some of the and Prohibitives :— Infinitive. Q^q* To go. To do. Sfc’q* or G\fe*q* To come. C^ra^-SiJC'q* or OJ§*;*q*or f^p^*q* To bring (in hand). q^c'q* (=rj^c:*q*) To send. (ffTsT ) To pour, *q* To lay or put down. commoner Colloquial Imperatives Imperative. ?5t* or %f\ Oo. q$T or or Do. Come. or Bring. or £ >R C ' ( Sq I) Send. sp\^ (4t> PoUr. (^T) Put down. Negative. *r°& Dont go. <'3*V Don't do. J^'uTc'or Don't come. Don't bring aq-en^-* or Sl'q^C* Don't send. •TffT, r *rflF Don't pour, 'O 'O $r§ar or STq^OT Don't put down. As a matter of fact, in these matters there is no rule save custom t for, according as a man is more or less educated, so he will mix up in his speech literary with vulgar forms, and the only way to learn is to keep one’s ears open and observe what the prevailing custom is amongst different classes of Tibetans ; for some will prefer to use the roots properly, while others, knowing little or nothing of them, will adopt the sound of the perfect root. So far as speaking is concerned, it will not much matter which method is adopted, unless of course one is talking to a cultured Tibetan ; but, when writing in Tibetan, the roots should be used properly, and tbe usage with the perfect root discarded. TIBETAN GKAMMAK. L*tfU VI. —The Passive \ or e. In Literary Tibetan, as a rule, the subject if a transitive active verb, or of a causative verb, is put in the agentive case, and the subject of a neuter or of a passive verb is put in the nominative *r the accusative (objective) case When, however, the active verb is intran¬ sitive, the subject is put in the nominative case. Moreover when the subject, even of a transitive verb, is a pronoun emphatically used tts, for instance, with the-partiole <X* annexed to it*, the subject i- put in the nominative case.