English
—Periphrastically, by the simple Participle Present combined with the appropriate conjugation of or To be. nr anv O of their elegant or honorific forms. Rut this is rather a doubtful form and in anv case old. Pxampi.es : I urn going. 77(o u nr I going C '°r3' q ’ w *V, or or ^1 pC-q^^q-y^^ or S1W, or or W, or ^ He is going. or | ( i.—PeripJu asticailv, by connecting the root with the appropriate conjugation of To be , the link being one of the auxiliary Cv ^ particles *71<3^ ^<5j’ or according to the rule relating to the final letter of the root, as ;— I am sending. 'Thou art starting, He is throwing . offering. i 'O or 3^'cr^l j-3^ I 1 am going. 7.—Periphrastically, hy connecting the root with the appropriate elegant or honorific form of or the hnk being the Cv cv auxiliary particle CJ3*’ or {^C This is, however, obsolete. Examples 35 / am sending. Thou art sending 274 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. ^ yHe is sending. or S&STCr*^ | \ And : — ’O a pZ’^-cJpZ'q^-q^cT]^^ or SICQ^ or qgcrprq-^ | As regdids th© Colloquial, when the Present Root- of a verb ends in an inherent !*T, or or in ^ or that Present Root is generally used for the Present Indicative. With all other verbs the Colloquial, according to Mr. Bell, usually adopts the Perfect Root, if any; or, as seems more likely, at least the sound of it. When writing the Colloquial it is advisable, or allowable, to employ the proper root. The formation of the tense then nroceeds thus:_ 1.—The Root (Present or Perfect ) for all persons, as / see or look; C54 q^f^ I bring forth; {^' / request; but either or c^-qtjcr I send. Periphrastic ally. The Root (Present or Perfect) combined with the appropriate conjugation of W^*q* To be ; the connecting link being O] # # J , or CkJ , or r^* (though *l|* generally takes the place of these last two), agreeably to the final letter of the root. Examples : ifsAfv (< >r sRo jr<v^ i '■o P'jjsr (or jjdfrj j-uje- ^ C T, or yjqq-ir | O / am looking. Thou art starting . °r He is arriving. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 276 (6)—Imperfect. This expresses the idea of the Periphrastic Past: Was, was, were * , trig. * In Literary Tibetan it may be rendered by the Perfect root (if any), with CT or T annexed, combined with the Indicative Present of Literary To be. Thus :_ ^^■wary^ffc-q^-orpr,,^ Ani Saul teas consenting unto hi. dcdtfim (Acts viii. I.) Or it may take the form of the Perfect Root (if any) with one of the auxdiary^Verbal Particles or Suspenses annexed, and combined with J Examples :— Maily were (being) gathered to¬ gether and were praying (Act* xii. 12.) Probably however, it would generally be found put participially Thus:— datJS , ,, hen lhe nttmber of aaaj-q'aisj I ^ ie ^ SCl P^ es w as multiplying {the ~ f number, ate. multi plying) (Acts vi. 1.) This almost endlessly Suspensive Construction, as the ordinary feature of a Tibetan sentence v* (l ich really only contains an absolute statement at the end, rnu't never be forgotten. In the Colloquial the Imperfect Irviirative has no special form Tt simply employs the Present Tense construction, leaving the context (generally some adverb like pr*r Yesterday, £< 3 pr Recently, or Long ago), to indicate the Past idea, if i t exists. Examples :— pwsi • C'jgW pc- Oj- £)■ Yesterday / , ma going to Court. 276 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. > ^1 The herd was roving about in the forest. Cv ] A nr ie nth/ man resembled a monkey. (c)—P erfect. TIi is, which expresses the idea Have , hast or has . ed, is rendered, in both Literary and Colloquial Tibetan, by the Perfect Root Cx combined with the appropriate elements of To be, which, it will be remembered, are not quite the same in the two modes. Thus, in Literary Tibetan the construction is as follows: — SJ Cv -v— or. occasionally, J pt*^5|*si]gZ51'crW^ j / have spoken. Thou hast spoken. He has spoken. iTiis tense is not infrequently user! for our Past Indefinite. Thus : To this end came I forth. (Mark i. ’til.) In Colloquial the construction is as follows : / ha up $ /token. Thou htsf spoken. cr;\^ ] @ l s'5^' q is c: w^ q r ,>r pS? or. occasionally, tf€ fio$ spoteen* o This also is often used for our Past Indefinite. Thus: | / bought this horse yesterday. Another Colloquial rendering of the Perfect Tense is "to add or or or oi even or to the Perfect Root, if nnv : the construction being the same for all persons. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 211 Thus :— Z^q-^qg^sro^l 'O p$r£r%spr qc | S'^T^'1 / have brought the box. I have read the book . lie has received the letter The dog has died. The smt has been decided. Certain verbs usually take qZ* in preference to ^IZ\ and others vr 1 ^JZ’ in preference to 3 C ' r *■ s connection practice will make V perfect. The following are a few that take namely ■q* To do; qaq’ To build; ^'q* To fear ; 5j'q* To die ; To set out, depart, start ; 5V=T|’q* To understand ; To steal : Qe&S’q' ^ 'O To be finished ; gw and qq'ZJ’ To come , arrive ; To burn . and the following are a few that take qZ* 9 namely, 1-jq'q’ To receive, get, obtain ; crj*q* To hear ; *ljjz*q* To see ; ^qcf]'q* To throw ; IpTq* sa To hear. qZ' is generally seen with the 1st person, and where this >£ is so the other persons usua lly take ^£T|| ( d ) Past Indefinite. In Literary Tibetan, at the end of sentences, this consists of the plain Perfect Root for all persons, with the final letter generally re¬ duplicated. Examples : — ^=T 5Z's* 3iz*r spv cat ^ q§Z'Z’ i Then they came up to Jesus and took him, {Matt. xxvi. 50.) ’O He came forth conquering and to conquer. (Rev. vi. 2.)' 278 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. used. When the verb possesses no Perfect Root the Present Root is Examples :— ttJC'CSrcjy HOT^qp And I saw another angel ascend 'from the sun rising . (Rev. vii. 2.) But in phrases like the following, introductory to what a speaker s sai , he Perfect Participle is always used :_ Aesus said, (John xx. 17.) Mary Magdalene came and said to the disciples. (John xx. 18.) W IW ^ ^orr^fc*r erppr The other disciples said unto him, (John xx. 25.) Thomas answered and said (John xx. 28.) Rut note the following construction where the verb, being at the end of the sentence, is not put participially, but in the form of the plain Porfoct Hoot again :— ^•■^frail • • • Jesus to him....blessed are they nwri'inrene^r.'' that have not seen and uet have 3*T -I ^W (^’^CST*! | believed. Thus he said. fJohn xx. 29.) Sometimes one sees ; — vcr^-^l Thus i, has been said. (1 Cor. x. 7.) Note also the following construction, where M-T for she could does not occur at the end of a sentence, and is put participially :_ | The woman hath done ad,at she could. (Mark xiv. 8.) Tn the Colloquial the Past Indefinite is rendered by the plain Perfect Root, if any, or, if none, then by the Present Root, with or added ; and this holds for all persons. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 279 Examples :— ^|Z3X*^J’ / sent my clerk to Court to-day. *3 q^cSc* | cq=l]^’i71 C^W^'s} T I received the letter all right. In these cases, however, it would be just as correct to use the Perfect Tense : CJ^C’CT^* instead of and Ifq’CrSjaf instead <>f qirgc-| (r) Pluperee<t. This tense, which expresses the idea Had. . . ,ed , is seldom or never seen in Literary Tibetan at the end of a sentence, i.e, as an absolute statement. It is usually met with in an introductory or suspensory clause, and is then rendered participiallv with a past signi¬ fication, Tims Sometimes it is turned into an Participle is put in the genitive case. >o And when he had considered the thing ; i.e. Having considered, etc, (Acts xii. 12.) When she hail tints said : i.e. Having thus said. (John xx. 14.) adjective phrase, i e. the Past Thus Where the body of Jesus had lain. (John xx, 1 2.) In phrases like the following it is constructed * with the Perfect Participle, thus making a sort, of by combining Past ntinitive. Ex vmpx.es : dSTl'Ip q* 3 \ si*- c*rq*r 3 C M / heard you hat / gone (you to have gone) to Darjeeling. I th ought you had bought (to have bought) (he horse. 280 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. pc*,? ^*r^54'oj5r^-c:*nr qsareru^* q**jsfc;\3j^ | When they saw that the work had been e?itrusted (to have been entrusted ) to me. When it does appear at the end of a sentence, it may take* the form of the Perfect Root, followed by <3^1^ and combined with the Present Indicative of Thus :— jg-V^sj-q^sro^i or or Or better : — I had sent. V Thou hadsl sent. He had sent. Eft'S^'F'Vf'l t • *o psrq^c/uj^* or Q^qy Or “O -SI Ditto. Sometimes, eg. in cases in which the direct mode of speech is adopted, the Pluperfect is avoided in favour of the Perfect. Examples : — wist sv&fsr ph*5j$r S*rr or q|^c^i*q* Mary Magdalene Cometh (having come) and tel let h (told) the disoi- pies, I have seen the Lord ; and how that he had (has) said these things unto her (me). (John xx. IS.) 1’he Colloquial lias no special preceding P;ist Tenses belonging to more convenient .) t or even perhaps Pluperfect Tense. Any of the it may be used (whichever is the the Literary construction in <5$T attached to the Perfect Root and combined with riBKTAN GRAMMAR. l!sl Examples :— HV<f he arrive*l / had gone. I had already sent him the , *ook 11 p had never been to /> hoso . Xever, is in all tenses (Note.— 5 JC (pron. nyung) Ever , or, with a negative, A < r* r rnses attached to the root, and treated as part of the verb.< _ ■ ■ I Literary.