English
Examples :— c* y qo^* or 3*11 ^ C* f T|*£r nr ?* opcS/ pc* q* c\*C’ &T §^‘ q-^ | A carpenter has come to mtml the chair. I am on my way (going) to Court, to see the trial . Come with me to hear the music . I went to Calcutta to sefl my house. How far is it (to go) to Darjeelimj . C .—The 1’eriiaf Noun. What this is may be seen in the sentence, For to me to live is Christ t and to die is gain. Here, the Infinitives, To live, and To de , may he turned into Nouns, The living, and The dying. 266 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. In Literary Tibetan the Verbal Noun appears either in the goiae of the Infinitive (which, as already explained, is formally the same as the Noun and the Participle) or in the guise of the Infinitive followed by the Definite Article ^' Thus, in Literary Tibetan, either of the following contsructions is right :— Or : — j ajjzrqr So also :— qaq;£rg^q* (^-) J ■ g*rr5p|* ap * gar §^ ^ fi WT s r m Vftl ^•ei | ^ > I For to me to live is Christ, and to f die is gain. (Philip, i. 21). It is not expedient to marry. (Matt. xix. 10), It is hard for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of heaven. (Matt. xix. 23). Master , it is good for ns to be here. (Luke ix. 33). Colloquially the Verbal Noun may be expressed either through the Infinitive followed by or or through the Verbal Hoot followed by [?j*, or with or without ^ | Examples :— qgpr q§;Sr r ^ c - up sisisr <§c:*<§c;* ^■v *S! ^•5'55^*crB^-w^-D!fycr^- 1 The hitting, i.e. To hit a man when he is down , is cowardly. It is better to be here than there ; The being here is better , etc. °rV or may be annexed to if desired, but its omission makes no difference. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Examples :— i i Or ■ i It is pleasant to walk here. °0‘I j In fact, the Verba! Noun, just like any other noun, is subject to declension. Examples :— I Let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath . {Every man should be swift as regards hearing , slow as regard'- speaking , slou' as regards being angry). (James i. 1ft). Ihe Verbal Noun may be formed out of any of the Infinitives Present, Past, or Future. D.—Part ici pies. The Present Participle of every verb is, in its simplest form, the Present Root with £J* annexed after final ST and as Climbing ; Being ; Leaving ; Resettl¬ ing; q55I*£J* Crowding; Hearing; or with annexed after final C*^ f3J* } and all vowels, as Beating; Gnawing; Falling; Rejoicing; ^crp^r Going; and the Past Participle in its simplest form is the Perfect Root with annexed, as £J’ Spoken, or with annexed, as gee?- "O Pulled out ; or, where there is no Perfect Root, then the Present Hoot, with d" or O'* as the case may be, adaed to the completive auxiliary as cjq-ldj'q' or and From either of these Participles may he formed the Active Participle, by taking the Present or Perfect Root and adding to it the word SVL ° r signifying the Doer, 268 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Agent, or Instrument . The phrase thus formed can be used either as an adjective or as noun. Examples :— “Pm’ (O' The sheep-killer. ( or q$4y) ] The sheep-killing man. These, it is obvious, can also be rendered periphrastic ally, thus: He who kills, or killed, the sheep. But the simple Participles, Present or Past, can also themselves be used periphrastically, by regarding either as an adjective and putting it in the genitive case if it precedes its noun, or in the nominative if it follows its noun. Examples 3 zfzy gyy| The above illustrate following are examples of noun :— The work that I do [the by me doing work) itself bears witness that the Father hath sent me (to have sent me). (John v. 36). And the Father which sent me (the me having sent Father) hath also borne witness of me. (John v. 37). the adjective phrase preceding its noun. The the Participial Adjective following its Sr’Sp'STy, instead of q^-*qq^y | f The man ivho is coming : The C coming man. instead of The book that ^^>a>s sent : book . The sent In the Colloquial the construction of these Active Participles and Periphrastic Participial phrases is in for animates , human or otherwise, and in or q* for inanimates , in both cases annexed to the root. Here, too, the expression or phrase may be treated either as a noun or as an adjective, and in the latter case it may precede or follow its noun. TIBETAN GRAMMA K. 269 The coming man : the man irAo t coming ; the comer. I ) The grunting pig; the frig that i * grunting ; the grunter. The man who came \ ) The pig that grunted. Examples :— Or:— s)‘S'3 qs ip^0 ,J5 f e T 5 M Or Or :— Or: — sinfir^-q^ei-sjpMr^ | Or :— Or :— In the case of verba with no Future root', the Literary Future Active Participle is formed thus :— or The tree that is to grow, or wit( __ ^ grow. perhaps ^?fg'^' S IG,'3 C '8F'^ | or perhaps The man who is to see, or who uni? a^flfSjafejC^SrS | In the Colloquial is used thus : ter I The tree that is to grow , or that X^ ^ will grow. ( The growing tree : the tree tnat j </rou.\s. ) The grown tree ; the tree that greu 270 TIBETAN GRAMMAR, As regards the rendering of the Passive Voice, see § HI, ix. a Reiat ive Pronouns. The Future Participle, in Literary Tibetan, is expressed by the Present Participle put in the terminative case with and followed by signifying About to -,or To be - ed. In fact, formally, it is the same as the Present Infinitive of the Passive Verb. Also by the Future Root with annexed, signifying For.. .ing; or by the Present or Future Root with tfj' annexed. Examples :— j-sjsr g* r ^’ We were accounted as sheep for the slaughter (To be slaughtered sheep). (Rom. viii. 36). Q^gcrgo; Whatsoever things were written ^ ^ aforetime were written for our M-yg*rerut3j | learning . (Rom. xv. 4), cv ^ cv The Colloquial is the Root with or SJQ/ or annexed :_ C’** tof* mS* f^crr w e were regarded as sheep for the ^ ^ ^ slaughter. ( or q FV c > ( VSn,; CJ- ^5^' 5^'C'^a i ‘gq’Cia v ‘ Whatever was formerly written was written for our learning. (or 00 /) ^•or|5T£]-^l S3 Many Participial expressions with a Present or Past signification are also formed by annexing to the bare Verbal Root, or to the Parti¬ ciple, the Auxiliary Verbal Particles already dealt with at an earlier stage of this paragraph. The following are all annexed to the Root:— =T, 3' 3'. *V .... ing. %, 3y, 3ft, % .... ing. S', y, I” ■ ■ • ing . . . .ed. s -', y-', .ing. . . . ed. Present signification. Periphras¬ tic form. Present. Sometimes periphrastic. Present or Past according to root. Usually Present, but sometimes Past. tibetan grammar. 271 and cjsr ... ing. ... ed . As, when, since. 1 / Really ST annexed to Participle j Usually Past. .. . ed. Past. or • • • itig. ... ed. Much like 6C’ and and their variants. and w .... ing. Present. ... \ng . ... ed. Present or Past. 5"* ... xng. ... ed. 1 While wken.i Present or Past. The following are annexed to the Participle:— or *. . . xng. . . edr. As, since, etc. > Usually Past, but sometimes $ Present. .... ed. 1 Past. As, since, etc.J ... ing. .. ed. \ > Used with genitive. Present or - While, when. < > Past. or .... iflffm ' As, since. J Usually Present. E. — Gerunds. This name is another instance of the attempt that has somewhat unfortunately been made to present the mysteries of Tibetan in the guise of western nomenclature. What has already been dealt with under the heading Verbal Noun was really the Gerund in the Nominative case (equivalent to the Present Infinitive) ; and the constructions usually called Gerunds in Tibetan Grammars' are really a kind of Participial expressions ; none other, in fact, than those which we have just been considering. Here reference may be made to a form of the Gerund in the genitive case which is common in Literary and Colloquial Tibetan, though it might equally well have apppeared under the heading Verbal Noun. Examples :— gaj*<^W I *T| Brethren, these things ought not ■so to be (of the being so, there is not pYopriety), (James in. 10). 272 TIBETAN OEAHMAH. ^ * Ol' * ' e^T | SflffwK' ( or or I • (N.B .— 1 This last is Colloquial.) FFe ought to give, the more earnest heed to the things that were heard {of the taking pains by us as regards the heard-things there is the more propriety or necessity), (Heb. ii. 1). Now is the time to buy , i.e. of buying = for buying. F.—Ind icative . {a) Present. In Literary Tibetan this is formed with the Present Root in several ways, some of whioh are as follows :— 1. —By the simple Root for all persons, singular and plural; as cwflT / go ; Thou goest ; He goes ; We go, etc. ; I send, i‘V3* rq TF Thou sendest , eto. 2. —At the end of sentences, by the simple Root as above, with the addition of in the case of verbs like c v?r. the root of which ends in a vowel, and, in the case of other verbs, reduplicating the final letter of the root, and putting over it; as I 9° • I send, and so for all persons, singular and plural. In fact, throughout all conjugations the singular and plural are alike. Where, however, the Root ends in 0/ another C^' with -*■— super¬ posed is not added, but the is put over the first Thus I drive. 3.—By putting the Infinitive into the Terminative case with J V and adding the auxiliary S'V or 9VV D °’ or Does , for all persons ; - or / do ivalk ; Thou dost walk ; pCO^'d^'g^’ He does milk ; I do know , etc. An intensive form. TIBETAN OltAMM U L’73 4. —A rather obsolete form is to add the or direct to the Root: as / do go, etc., CSI\3r3*f I do know, etc. 5.