English
They are seldom, if at all, used in the Colloquial, save by those who affect Literary forms. Examples :— V S*5 ar c*rc- ^ si> Jp^j^*q*^srq-§TtJwj | S' 'W ■ fr q^' =• q* qq^qc; <^E=rj*r q’*Jy v? '■O ^■^c*z^*a|^-54q*cT|D^-ai*£'^* -qa^-a- 3^| To him that overcometh irill / give TO eat of the tree of life. (Rev. ii. 7). To Him that overcometh will l grant to sit with me in mg throng. (Rev. iii. 2!). Who is worthy to open ( opening ) the book ami to loose the seals thereof ? (Rev. v. 2). And to them it was given that they should not kill them (not to KrLL them ) but that they should be tormented (but to be torment¬ ed) five months. (Rev, i\, 5). See that he be with you without fear. (1 Cor. xvi. 10). Hut to sit on my right hand or on my left hand is not mine to give. (Mark x. 40). 33 258 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. And the Lord'8 servant beinq apt to teach. (2 Tim. ii. 24). The Lama trill allow you to offer prayers to-morrow in the monas¬ tery. They have allowed him to build the house, The last of these particles, namely GJ*, js not much used in this connection in Literary Tibetan. It may, however, be so used instead of any of the others. Example :— t go to see. (15)—q(^ and Annexed to verbal Roots, has, in Literary Tibetan, the force of the Present Participle, and, with CJ* added, may be used as an adjective; while serves as a Gerund, meaning As, While , or Whilst, and also Though, and Because , or Since , according to circumstances. Examples :— car q^ - qo^- ^c ST ' §*r \ 3 fr c r o r a \l I *r e % *STara^wr i * c * pfc' S| - • y 35^ • ^ • o^csrSTi o 1 I am going. (Elegant form). He glanced at me with a loving look. As the Lamas entered the monastery (while entering the monastery) they chanted hymns. Though he had tea he did riot drink. Since the beer iras in front of him he drank. ^*cT|^cr|’ , HflrarS^'gq*S* ffT* 11 ’’ §' or ^Sjaj- q- orgs)- nj5J - Q ( ^q?4’^ - a l ^eq-q^(a ( qjS-X' | ^^'Tr%j-pc-arg5)-|qi^-q 5 qr^‘l TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 1'Oft (16)—SC. This is a Colloquial Suspensive. Added to the verbal u means As, Since, Because, and implies either Present or Past Examples :—- s-q^c-^c- C*T 3aj! Well, ns you are going, ride mu horse , do. --Is you hare sent the hook. / tr%U read it (17)— and ^$4*01 | O -o These also are much used Colloquially. Annexed to the verbal Root acts as a Gerund, meaning As, When, While. At the time of etc. Examples :— Q’) TFAen writing take care what you "* cv say. F ^•^F^ q T* £ TS' c i'^! As he went off, he smiled. has the same meaning, but is annexed to the simote -O Infinitive, or Participial form of the verb, put into the genitive case Examples : — Cv ) ^' When writing take care what wot cC* say. p^spj* ciS; or p*Sp‘*p* g*rer As he went off, he smiled <0 ^1 A Literary equivalent of * ^54*^1 is -5*^ 1 O V. —Moods and Tenses. A.— Infinitive Mood. The I nfinitive, both in Literature and in the Colloquial, is the simple form of the verb as given in dictionaries, i.e. the Root, with £)’ or Q' TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 2fiO annexed, according to the rule regarding the final letter of the root. It is the same as the Participial form, and also as the form of the yerb regarded as a substantive. Thus ma y mean To do t or Doing , or A , or the , doing. Each root can be regarded as the basis of a special Infinitive. Thus:— Present: C TF S >’ To send. 1 i Perfect: To have sent. v In Tibetan the latter of two related English verbs takes precedence of the other, and may be put in the Infinitive, or in the Genitive form of the Infinitive. Thus :— Future \To be about to send , or To be sent c-pccroro l 'jq*^ ] \ / wish to go home • At the same time the Colloquial construction by which 0’ is added to the verbal Root lias largely taken the place of the Infinitive. Thus:— c-pc-eraro^- g-a^ | / icish to go home . (or ^ rA T ow is the time to sell i TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 261 In conversation, however, it is quite allowable and common to omit the q or q‘ of the verb that is governed bv the other. Thus:— / icish to go home. I am unwilling to write i pith in k ® "® and pen. This is particularly the case where the governing verb is SJZ'-" To be able, 5=I]*q* To be allowed, G^tJfq* To allow, ^Sjsrq* To b* / cannot *ee the snow on the hill. Are ice allowed to smoke in this room f Let us go away. 1 allow you to depart. In order to live it is necessary to eat. You must go to school. You ought not to beat that child. Where the governing verb is one of Knowing, Saying, Hearing, Thinking, or the like, the governed verb, in sentences like the following, is put in the Infinitive, or else the verbal Hoot, with iJi annexed, is used. Examples :— I did not know that you t cere here (you to he here). necessary ; must, ought, and the like. Exajuples :— pz* U=n* a^* ap* or q * sip ’ or ! csr^-oi-a^-Q^ | g^-qgrrsrora,^^ | E s \'S 5r a'3'^ c ' s '^ t 262 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. (° r > r sjvpr I °*' 0^ * 3^ ’ W * aoi'cf ^'*T (or W3j*9*) ^| BiTS'fc-ai-^^q- (0 r (^Sfg-j c^rcfyq-ujaj I ^ f^ q* c *|- cfyq- p ^I* C • or oj^j* ^T|* q 5oj * q* ^ q- | I do not know where you are going (you to be going). History relates that Buddha was {Buddha to have been) at first a king. I heard you were going {you to be going) to Darjeeling . / heard you had left (you to have left) for Darjeeling . I thought yon had bought (to have bought) the horse. When they saw that the work had been entrusted to me (the work to have been entrusted to me). The same construction is also used in connection with phrases like // were better that, It is evident that. r§-^ i It were better that a large stone were bound on his neck and he were (he to be) cast into the sea. (Mark ix. 42). It is evident that no one is justified by the law in God's sight . (Gal. iii. 11). In phrases containing That , So that. In order that. With the object °f, To the end that , For the purpose of, the verb is put in the genitive case of the Infinitive, and is followed by ^’01* i n the I Colloquial, and bv or or in Literary Tibetan. Examples ^ \ In order that I may , or might , be } ( here. TIBETAN GRAMMA It. 203 p-dp-orqg'-q^-^jtsj I pcr^CTr^Bf| i^W qo|’o|'c(?sj| , qq l ‘^[ , ij | EV3*0 a ^*r fi l^ifc^ | 'O pccr^- f^qc^-nr or or w I So that he may, or might , go home. X ) H ith the object of climbing to the pass. To the end that you should know him. 9^-V For the purpose of building the house. Where, in English, a mandatory Imperative governs a verb in the Infinitive, e.g. Order him, to come. Tell him not to go, the Tibetan construction puts the governed verb also in the Imperative, not the Infinitive, mood. Examples :— fForipr (s^T) aw | jrorrq£p (^cq*j q^-q|ap-j c \i £, l! Tell him , come {to come). Order him, do not go {not to go). Take care that no man lead you astray. Whenever it is possible to turn a verb into a Verbal Noun, or what is called in Latin a Gerund, it should be done. Examples :— 7]-i5-^or|F^*cr < £• jjparwpr (0^) (or u^**r or 5Q^*g*) (Sf j | oj&’cr (Sj-j It 15 better to be in Darjeeling than in Calcutta, i.e. the being in Darjeeling is better than the staying in ('alcutta. For to me to live is Christ and to die is gain. (Philipp, i. 21). B.—The Supitie. The genius of the Tibetan language is so different from that of other languages, both Eastern and Western, ancient or modern, that to 264 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. speak of Supines, Gerunds, and the like, in connection with it, is at least to strain the limits of analogy, if not to indulge in the illegitimate. But, so long as this i& remembered, the Supine of Literary Tibetan may be said to be susceptible of several constructions. First, it may appear in the shape of the Infinitive put in the Terminative case with Examples :— njc rfw q* g ^'%1 sr5q|srcr^-eii^'civ^ | VP * qp* q|^ ’ q^$l *q* * q * c:5T<^g*q^*q]3^rcrai^ | or qppr <£r §jaf qq;jr 1^3=1 I He i/iai is a&ie fo receive (hear) it let him receive (hear) it. (Matt, xix. 12). / ask to be forgiven this wrong . {2 Cor. xii. 13). Worthy art thou to receive glory. (Rev. iv. 11). I was about to ivrite. (Rev. x. 4). Forget not to show love unto (bestow love on) strangers. (Heb. xiii. 2). Secondly, it may take the form of the Verbal Root, with y, or - Ies3 frequently, annexed. Examples : — “^csrSFi m I c*r j3c’r ST^ySy-flC <w a* VP ^p pb’Sq^rq*^q|ci]i=i|^!*ar5q^‘?r j I came not fo call the righteous but sinners. (Mark ii. 17). That he should lay his hands on their heads and pray. iMatt. xix. 13). I will give him to eat of the tree of life. This bottle is ( likely ) to crack. He has gone to b}ty a horse. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 26 fi Thirdly, it may appear as the Infinitive, put in the genitive case or and followed by 3* Examples :— if SPIES'g 0 *' *F*r * cr ph’0ol*^c:'0ai'q^*ga;^*^j’X| The Queen of the South fame from the ends of the Earth to hear the irisdom of Solomon. (Luke xi. 31). fie came forth conquering ami to congwer. (Rev. vi. 2). The Colloquial has no Infinitive in the Terminative case with That is only found in Literary Tibetan. In the Colloquial, therefore, the Supine never appears in that form. It expresses itself either through the Infinitive alone, or through the Infinitive put in the genitive case and followed by ^cx’flT (and generally means “In order to, ’or “ For the purpose of”), or through the particles (Jf > when necessity or VJ s? obligation is implied), or | T‘ (object or purpose) annexed to \ erbal Roots.