English
g„ &Q- To hoe, feed, nourish), i, is said hat that Present root is generally used for the Present Indicative the Future Indicative in ^ or the Present Participle, Active resent Participle, Present Infinitive, Supine and Verbal Noun. If in eae verbs, the Future is formed with instead of etc. the Perfect root (or perhaps more correctly the Future Root) must be used. Thus :— o* o But:— esTer^r (?j-) utT-'i \ , (no Futnre Root) In Literary Tibetan ;_ or q^qj-uja^ ) or 'a-qvj, or | " j I Thou will bmr / shall see m 7 hoii unit hear, I shall see . Thon unit bear I xhaff see. The above idea that the Perfect Root should he used in tiie Collie quial probably arises from the fact that it sometimes has the same sound as the future root. For instance, in the verb To send, the Perfect Root SJ'jC and the Future Root Qfp sound nearly alike. Of course it must he remembered that the Colloquial, as such, pays no regard to spelling, hut only to its own phonetics. Hence, if one 242 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. writes Tibetan, one should spell properly. Therefore, also, if one attempts to write Colloquial, as such, it must always look wrong, as regards spelling. In Compound Honorific verbs the first retains the Present root throughout, e.g., To provide. Example : — (pronounced ) | >Thou providest for me. ) With all other verbs the vulgar Colloquial, it is said, usually adopts the Perfect root, if any, or at least the sound of it , as above explained, for all moods and tenses. Thus, for To send , let go. dismiss, the roots are Present Root; q TF Send, Sends , Sending. Perfect Root ; ql 5 c ' Have or has sent. Future Root: Will send. Imperative Root : Send. In Literary Tibetan the Present Indicative is :— / send. C*r=lj^cq^*§^* (or 9*^ ) I I do send. ) > I am s&ndinq. Rut in the vulgar Colloquial it is :— or q TF* 1 send, and (or / am seiul ing. In Literary Tibetan the Future Indicative is expressible .in several ways with different roots. Thus:— v TIBETAN GRAMMAR. (or S5 csrofiwgSf | c^-qpcwajgn' (or \P sJ wi^pcraS;-1 Hut iti Colloquial it is :— I \ I I shall Sf nd I wrspCTfcv* | Or :— (OF ^ Z ’) UTZ'| > / shall s( mh ) There seems also to he an emphatic form in which IX!' is affixed to m the Future root, and is followed by for all persons. Thus :_ I shall send / / (t in to sen^l i e . | .p by me a sending is to be. So, in Literary Tibetan the Present Participle is Sending'; tlie Active Participle or ^SCCq* IIe who, or It that, sends; the Terminative Infinitive ^ To send ; and the Supine dor sending, etc. : but in Colloquial the Present Parti ciple is q^rq-^ the Active Participle q^C&ip^'j or q^C'q’j the Infinitive q^C'q' • and the Verbal Noun c*r Gerund and Supine q=IC*I^’ 9 q^C*^*, or Q^C’oy The Literary Imperative is or but the Colloquial i 5 * or , though £p* would be understood quite well. V ulgar Colloquial would be q^C'S^H | I ] I.—Auxiliary Verbs. These are SJyq- IXJS'q', 5^'ej* and otlier forms of the ^ * verb To be, which it is not necessary to specify here ; 3^‘, H S* W , 244 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. and q '§ C '*^* To become. To happen. To take place, To occur ; To be finished , completed , terminated; Tobemade ready, finished, accomplished; 33p£J* To concluded, exhausted; and ^54 7o 6 ^ 06 /r , To go, but used idiomatically; and t )e necessary, or expedient or expressive of the idea of obligation or duty; To allow, suffer, permit ; To be allowed or permitted : To make, do, act, perform; q 0 ^*q* and elegant and respectful forms of 3^‘^J*; 5jfc*q* or qr;*q* To come, but used idiomatically; iK*r, %cros’, <%=[f To be possible, probable , likely, etc., etc. IV—Auxiliary Particles. 1 ^ m O- C\ qv ( 1 > —=T|’ w ^ JTj^ annexed to the Verbal Root according to rule, with reference to the final letter of the root (see § 25, iv). Used to connect the root with 0 ^= 7 ]* or ^ they form a peri- phrastical Present Tense. For example, in the Colloquial, which loosely uses t fie sound of the Perfect Root_ f / send. But:— q-iC ^ f am sending, or I send. Sometimes, in the vulgar Colloquial, they are annexed to the roots of adjectives, taking the place of the adjectival particle Hf q* or q* Thus:— q* No *5*^' mstt>ad of l W'T|*{S r T^R S ^ TAg road is rough. instead of g-qj-pi*=f^’ The chitd ; s good it is better, however, to use the adjective in full, and not to employ tlie construction in etc. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 245 These Particles are sometimes used at the end of a sentence in the .■sense of a finite verb, and more particularly in the 1st p e Examples:— C?rq§=q-3j | l shall put in. I'son Future. CV “rawprgro, or 3-0,, IehaUhelp (2)—S]?T J %T, *hr These are annexed to the root as Gerunds, and signify By (doing something), or Because, Since, etc., but more usually antithetically as hut, Though Examples : C’S&T <3j$T I called kim > but he has gone ; or, Though / called him he has gone. By standing here ire shall see the t a mash a. It may even be annexed to the root of the verb To be. T. 1 us •_ Though it is a good story, or It is a good story but . . . When used antithetically a pleonastic S^C* sometimes fol¬ lows —: Though he ,lay me, ye, will 1 trust — in him. When annexed to the root of an adjective it includes the verb To be. Thus:—- *T'*|I e n*r^ac;‘f|*r = Sf*|a=rpr Since, Because , or Though (she ■~2nw% | or iS) of fin€ statnre * (3) ( and | Annexed to the root. These are Literary forms, and denote the Participle Present, TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 24 !> Examples : pC CJ | H p went on his way praying. Used to connect the root with ^JS*, G^*n*T|* or they form a periphrastical Present Tense, just as Si* 5j* etc., do in the Colloquial. Examples :— 4 i When connecting the root with * ' used gerundially. Examples :— 'TF^T'F I a^sj-^c -1 S'Vjft'F I oSrf <%^-1 Thus :— Sr^' 3 ^ c ’' 1 ,C; 5 ra \^'Ij 3 V q-Ij- wjqj- ! Lo, / come (am coming). (Heb x.7.) He is singing. V Together with , they are often /a, when , or while sending. In t etc., singing. ln f etc., doing. /, etc. , gain//. In, or when , singing it is best to stand up. In the Colloquial this may be rendered :— gr^o^sr (or or N? v n oWj-q-^C) iqcwpr|i^w|-yuqq|- •¥•''¥ I W * 1 * after til nal s* after fi nal ^ °r. €r S after t inai *\\ C, s 5J’ and all vowels TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 247 These arc a sort of Continuative Particles or Susppnsives, and may be annexed to all Present and Perfect roots, but according to rule, with reference to the final letter of the root. Annexed to Present roots they form a Present Participle, or Gerund, and, annexed to Perfect roots, a Past Participle, or Gerund. Thus, they may be rendered.. . . . iwj/ been, or. . . .iwy. .., ed , or diS, when , aft er , etc. The v are Literary rather than Colloquial, though not altogether absent from the latter, and are largely met with in those subordinate clauses a longer or shorter string of which generally goes to the construction of a Tibetan sentence. Examples :— Pilate and Herod tee re formerly (formerly having been) at en- mity with each other. (Luke (xxiii. 12.) And seeing the multitudes he, etc. (Matt. v. 1.) And when even teas route his dis¬ ciples went {having gone) down to the sea , etc. (John vi. 16.) C5)— 3C after final or the vowel UT after final ^ and all vowels except after final 54' This Suspensive, which is Literary rather than Colloquial, is annexed to the Hoot, and expresses in one or other of its forms the Present Participle, but sometimes also the Past Participle. It is also sometimes used instead of the conjunction And . Lastly, it often ex¬ presses a causal relationship. It is generally met with at the end of minor interpolations within subordinate clauses. Examples :— £J* {By) Marching quickly the army arrived. Hi' ojyy yXy d|5=T|* *d|3y y * pr • ^54 - ?j • - *51^1 • =T]1=7]^*^ | y ’ *f ^ 248 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. a^%5c-§c#^ i 9 ar ^ c ' q l9T‘V Q ' , 3 -iI | "O <3j*I (perfect of C\^’q’ ) Anti Jesus went [having gone) about all the cities and villages. (Matt. ix. 35.) Being afraid and calling out. Light not being , air is not; or Light is not and air is not ; or Light and air not being; or Without light or air. [Das .) Lymg down, to go to sleep; or To lie down and go to sleep. The heavens having parted , or rent asunder. (Mark i. 10.) (G)— and q^J | These are merely the particles CJ' and q* of .the Infinitive, or simple Participle, put in the Instrumental or Modal case. Practically they are equivalent to ^ and ^J- and the next noted Suspensive ^ They are often used as a variant of these, when the latter have already occurred in the same sentence. This is merely a matter of taste, to avoid repetition. Primarily they mean Because, Since, Seeing that, etc., but they also carry the sense of When , and of the Participle, both Present and Past. Both Literary and Colloquial Tibetan make use of them :— ^q* (perfect of ^q^j-^j’ j §*aop When 7 looked; i.e., 7 having looked. -d.v, since, because it is very diffi¬ cult ; or It being very difficult. Since it is 7, or It being 7, or It is 7, be not afraid. (Matt. xiv. 27.) 7 hen Simon's mother-in-law having been seized by a fever-iVness and having lain down. (Mark i. 30.) TIBETAN CRAM MAH. 249 i 3?|| ° (<? ) since (or because) ye say, ive see. (John ix. 4 1). (') ^ • This Suspensive, both in Literary and Colloquial Tibetan is annexed to the Perfect root, and expresses a Past signification. . nl,cr¬ uise it has practically the same functions as 5 ( i.