English
The Literary form of this construction would be for all persons, preceded by 513^ or other indication of tense ; and would replace WJ^TCJ | Perfect and Pluperfect Indicative. Same as Imperfect. Thus :— 1 have t or had , been good. And so forth, throughout all constructions. Future. Same as in i.e. expressed by IAJZ* for all persons. The Literary construction is :— 232 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. pi'frSVo^'T | -.i &\'' I >■ p-* • ’ Jj<5 : ^' | / shall be a shepherd. Thou wilt he a shepherd. lie n-tll be a shepherd-. / shall have been * * ■ Thou will have been. .. H e trill hurt* heen. When is used as an auxiliary to other verbs, we shall find that in the Colloquial there is another Future construction, namely, cv cv cv for the 1st person, and •" E T^ for the 2nd and 3rd persons. Subjunctive or Conditional. Same as in substituting for or W wherever they occur, and, in the negative forms, nr for in the first part of the sentence, but keeping the second part as it stands there. Thus :— Present. If / be nch , / shall he happy. Past zr The Literary construction is - if I were rich, or had hern rich, I would he or non Id have been happy. If I am rich l shat/ be happy. If I were rich I would he happt/. Had l been rich l would have been happy. Potential Same as in substituting wjdf for the to which £1^1 is annexed. Thus : — TIBETAN CKAMMAli. 23 :i Present. or gq'D^b' or / / ran he good. 1 Past I could he goes! Perfect. C’C / could have been good. Or :— ^ -IMq-irr } (for all persons). Likelihood. The construction is the same as in Sfk'CT Thus :— q i* q r9^ x *§*r =i ‘ w ^\ ° r c ’? c r / 1 way possibly be rich Hortative Same construction as in changing into Titus :— Present. c-I*r]*srwiyyq|si j f w ust be good. Past. I ought to have been good Purposive Same as in changing tMy* into iWy Thus: — waj | In order that ! may be , or wight he, safe. 234 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. The Literary construction is in (^ 3 *'or y^'d' or t*4<3j*CJ* put Sp Cs in the genitive case and followed by Example :— ^ * Sdl' * 5^ * cil 50] ’ - or or cXj^* j That they may all be one. (John $•§*'*■ 1 Imperative. qsc:*d^'3^* f^=i])! Literary. Be good. Be a man Colloquially. As stated under u^’di Precative. Same construction as in changing into Thus:— c-gj-sru^EjiiEiy % t Let me be a lama Permissive Same as in ^*d‘, changing into &jar Thus or &3*3’^ | l am allowed to be a lama. C:-g'^-C^^3'd’W^\ or | / tW8 allowed to be a lama OPTATIVE, Same as in iN^*d* 9 changing into cX}^’ Thus c-^c-g^-cTcXj^* ( q*) Would l were rich , TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 236 Literary. Would I were rich Infinitive. c** To be. In Literary Tibetan it is the same. (or 2fc-g* } ujs'cj[ CR-qm-q ( NJ> yjc'g- (or j | Examples :— In Literary Tibetan :■_ ‘n • w^’e ■ <fs) • ‘sf wjjj • ej^. • ^sj- •^11 *- rQ \S sr^i'^wj’^'por^i’ ^ q-^C-1 j^l-S^CAMj-qx- To have been. To be about to hr (Coll ) To be about to be (Lit.). A ow, consider (see) hoic great this man was (to be). Ditto. This man, if he were a prophet , would have perceived who and what manner of woman this is which toucketh him , that she is (to be) a sinner. (Luke vii. 39.) know that his commandment if _ (to be) life eternal . q" ’SI! Or, in Literary Tibetan :— Who thinkest thou that thou art or thyself lobe? 23 r. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Present : Past : Compound Perfect: Future: Participles. mafq* u£f^-q*wi<3j'q* iCW 3fc’5f Being Been 1 Having been > (both in Coll, and : Lit,). About 1o he J Periphrastic. Both in Colloquial and Literary Tibetan, this is : — <%q*, or £jaj*cr^ | Examples .— j^^C*qj*c£^-q-^-q^\cj£T| j *V ^ QT US ^ ’ fi* 3* (5*v* ^'Sq^rq* C^c\qr q*S’ orczq/ qqcsr Present and Past Tenses, Who or irhick am, is or was. A remnant (that which is a rem¬ nant) shall be saved. (Rom. ix. 27.) Take that which is thine own. (Matt. xxv. 25.) Now, I, Paul , myself, who in your presence am lowly among you , but being absent am of good courage toward you. (2 Cor. x. 1 .) / speak to you that are gentiles. (Rom. xi. 1 3.) I will call them my people which were not my people; and her my beloved which was not be¬ loved. (Rom. ix. 25.) ^c* trsr ^ q* ar *7|S$r q 1 >0 The Future Perij>lirustic Participle both in Colloquial and Literary 1 'ibetan, follows the lines of y^'q | TIBETAN GRAMMAR. * 2:i Literary. ^*cjS**’or \5 JS*ar tA$<s*cq* £j^0$T w5^*cj^* t%£ISr ST<W j\^xr^c* Colloquial £j^ciq^$i-ar Other Participial Expressions. Present. Being ; as, since, when, after, whHe are. am, is } At the time of being ; when, white . . . am. is, art In or by being; If, when . . . am, is, an. Being. Though, since, because . . . am, is, are. Of or for being. Past. Having been ; As, since, when, after . .. teas. were. Because, since, when . . . was, were; Having been. .-1*’, when . . . was, were. In or by being ; If, when . . . was, were. Present. At the time of being; When, while. ..am, is, are. 3C*, or Being; because, since, as, when . . . am. In or by being ; If, when . , . am, is, are. y^'erv Of or for being. Being. 238 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Past. Because, since, when, after, as . . . was, were ; having been. Having been ; as, since, when , after . . . ivas, were. w}*j*qq; Of or for having been. wjafqvw As, since, when, after . . . uxis, were. u^-q^cc As, when . . . was, were. tS<3f<3f In or by having been ; If, when . . . was, were. Supine. Literary: and £j<^* To be. S3 Colloquial: <%q*, and Wfg* To be. S 3 Verbal Noun. ev Hither VWj'CT Being , To be, or the Infinitive of the verb, which in itself includes the idea of To be. It may either be used alone, or, in the Colloquial, with or in Literary Tibetan ^ or or 2^| Examples :— (y j siassrer 9* ' wSfgq* qpjq|*cf ^c;*^*^q^*^^c;’Q^*q*£joj*q* <^) (So?e/*me^ if i> not very pleasant to be a king. It is shameful to be drunk. It suffices for the disciple that he be as {to be as) his master , and the servant as his lord. Cs that is never used sub- -V .11 .—It must always be remembered atantiveiy, but always in connection with some noun, adjective, or verb, into which its forms have to be moulded. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 2:fy § 38. The Verb. I.— Preliminary. The Tibetan Verb denotes only a sort of in¬ definite happening or state, and this not of itself, but rather by means of certain auxiliaries, including the verb To h* which alone really constitutes the verb in a Tibetan sentence Thus:— Or (or • ^ ^ ( The sower is sotving the seed q^q*r;rjaj-<V^ | I 'O I I J Literally, this is : By the sotoer , as regards the seed , sotving is In fact the so-called Verb is rather a kind of Noun, modified in its significations by the verb To be, according to the mood or tense of the latter. It possesses in itself no means whereby to distinguish between the active and passive voices; the singular and plural numbers are alike in construction ; and, except as regards the auxiliary To he all its forms can be used with any of the persons indiscriminately. The changes or inflections undergone by the Tibetan Verb are effected in three ways : — 1. By structural alterations in the Root ; 2. By making use of Auxiliary I>r6*- ■* By resorting to divers monosyllabic Particles for the forma¬ tion of Infinitives, Participles. Supines etc. II.-— Roots. These in Literary Tibetan are four:—l. Present; 2. Perfect; :{. Future ; and 4. Imperative. Thus To do. To make, To act. Present Root; i'V Do, Does, Doing. Peifect Root ; 3*1- Have or has done. Future Root : 9’ Will do. 1 imperative Root : Do. 240 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. However, every Tibetan Verb does not possess all four roots. Some only possess three. Thus :— To drop, drip , trickle , leak. Present Root : Drop, Dro])S, Drojyping. Perfect Hoot : ^ or Have or has dropped. A Future Root: Will drop. Some possess only two roots. Thus : — ^ 3 *^ ^'° 9°> walk. Present and Future Root: (Joes, Will go. Perfect and Imperative Hoot: Have or has gone , A Colloquial Imperative is Go. Many possess only one root for all tenses. Thus : — '/1 1 o see. To remember. To be able. "ip-q To receive, get , obtain. f^ZTpVCj- To suit, to agree, to be satt*fi*d. Where, in Literary libetan, a verb possesses a special root for each oi am of the different tenses, and for the Imperative Mood, that special root must he used for those tenses and that mood, save that when the future construction is in or q5^* or £j\ the Present Root it retained instead of the Future Root. Where there is no special Future root or Imperative root, tiie Present root is used for (he h uture .and Imperative. Lt is impossible, of course, to learn the loot-forms of all the verbs, but there is no reason why those of the ■1 ,r commoner verbs should not be memorized to some extent. As iegaids the Colloquial, though it is quite allowable to use the TIBETAN GRAMMAR. r °°;y hat “ re aS3igMCd t0 P articu,ar -°od and tenses for those moods and tenses, yet it is said that as a matter of fact at ,* t T fioquial, this is seldom or never done and the - * used , n,e nr. ’ 1 the root generally 18 * he P, ' rfoct ro °‘- When, however the Prese, , . , ‘ verb ends in an inherent WT ,f • , ’ root of a i ui ik rent UN (for instance U'ZJ’ t,> /„ m ’ t 1 ° took) , or m an inherent (e.g„ Tn , Jcar> or ^ ^ ^ ^ O iequc.it, ask), „ r in (e.