English
Same as the Imperfect Indicative. Thus :_ / have, or had, been here before. And so forth, throughout all constructions. Future. I’he Future Simple is expressed Colloquially by Dkjc;* f, Thus :— Affirmative. ) - - f <W§-ic- I shall be here. Thou wilt be here. He will he here . 212 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Attributive. or, in Literature, I shall be good. sj or, in Literature, Thou unit he good. p : U s ld|-'q-DTc- ) or, in Literature. , u wW 6e gooJ ejaC^'O^K | S 3 A.if.— ^ or in Literary Tibetan should not be used as a mere copula to connect subject and attribute, nor should it be used substantively, but only as an auxiliary to verbs. Negative (Col.). I / shall not be here. C-lAFT^f 1 / shall not be good. And so throughout, inserting before U4C* 1 ca^-^SJrcsr c’c^-y^’Bfc’csr c* 'Sfc'csr Interrogative (Col.). ] Shall I be here ? i Shall / be good ? - or tMc:*c:^i| Shall I not be here ? Shall I not be good ? And so throughout. Also with W or W Thus :— Shall I be good ? The other tenses (which really represent the Conditional) are as follow s :— TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 2 | / ,oouM be here. or 5^-q-i 5 I Thou umUdst he here s& or 0^xr<vpil He would be here. cq^- S^'^'5-' !• 35y, or ac, or q^<q- CV I ^ FA*V5 - j I would hove been here. Thou wouldst have been here He tvould have been here. Literary. I shall be here , N And so for all persons. I would be here. sS * 1 EpiAfe^^gvsrqyipf, or S<^| pc-q^^-D^- qv w q-^^ or q^g-3f| o cq^^-SEj^q^-q-SK'T! *0 pc'P^* or qyqSf, or SEj^-q^Tl Thou wouldst be here. He would be here I would have been here. Thou wouldst have been here. He would have been here. Subjunctive. Phrases like If I am f If [ be, Should I he , * .then . * * * / mill or k would he ; or, If 7 were,. . , .then. . . .1 would be, or would have been, are IS formed, tor the present tense, by using the expression or or 5. or or simply. or sw 5J for all persons, and then usine the future root C^JC’ Thus : — 214 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. A ttributive. Present . **pr^ c-gq^'1 1 c* Or :— 2Jc' | o I r r i If I am, or If I be, or should I be, rich , I trill be happy or com¬ fortable. C* Cs I^TQ^-ars^-crttic-1 •g^-erwj^ (or $S*V If thou art , etc., //?© un/f 6e ^ happy. tl’cxjc* | fn g=T] q ( or g^'cr If h e i 3 etc., he will be happy. &fc*| For the past tense the construction is similar, save that etc., for Would be, and 5^', or <3^, or qC’ for Would have been, are used instead of though for Would be 5Jc* may also be used. C-cpysfSJs^' (or s\ypj-) or or ^T. or SC-J O sS g^-gai-cfK^-aj; ( or o^-) |g- sfar^erq^ r or r gc-1 Fg*T£WV<^ ( or ) §K or E5^*q* If I were, or had / been, rich, / would be, or would have been t comfortable. If thou, etc,, thou wouldst be. or irouldst have been, comfortable. If he, etc., he would be, or umuld have been, rotnforlable. or or g C ' , Substantively (Col ). Hie construction is just the same as when used attributively. TI BETAN ORAMMAR. 215 Negative. Same construction, but with Tims instead of or It l am not, etc.. / toil I not b, com for table. I lie Literary attributive construction is ;_ If I am rich l shall be ha C-|qi-ef3^-3j-i,=-q^.g v£r ^^, lf j mn r . ch j wmM hf C‘gy?3fr4^^]*-cr3^*-, H(ul j betn nrh t irouJd h u Wn ^ happy. Potential. i.g- and Ph rases expressive o good), are rendered f ability to he present > or ability to be anything w;th the aid of To he able or hv that other auxiliaries, added to the root of tX^'cj* Th Prese n t, or ^5jfc\ or £J=r / can be here. N 3 O ’ 5^1 or qq-5jc’ or qq' J can be joorf. 5^ i or gn'iMr - , or pwqj-rrSr^-gq^ ul gq-yjh- sj or | Thou canst be here. He cun be yood. 210 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Past, p’^3|*q*y^q-q^ . r or 3 l ” Sr I I could be here. I could be good. Thou couldst be here. He could be good. Probability. Phrases expressive of likelihood or probability of being present t or of being anything (e.g. t good), are rendered by means of with UJC, or by means of or Thus, Colloquially :— C’fl l ^5’5r-S]-J5ai-si-q ( 51 C Gys, 1 Present. 1 ! / may be here. Perhaps I shall f he here. It is likely that I shall be here. _ J or V4C* Thou mayest be here. Ct*j3]*cp3ft: *§j*(Stexp^ • %?r i pyjqi'critjt'qjur^-cr^c' or &*JC*31* k I may be good or WJC* He may he < 7 oor/, | N.H.— y ^ r 3’, tfJC*3]* and u rr tten etc. •nit- tins is not quA,e clear. similar expressions The correct form arc* sometimes is probably 31* TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Past. or ( V^ a l! 1 might be here. (or S^tq-er) % Thou mighlest be her, e, '^5', or %gi (or O^H]-£T) CJ$af He might be here. * rt ^5 ° r =%g| Similarly with UvJtq'iT Good, instead of Here. Negative. Ae regards the phrases in which W^erc^g* and occur the negative construction is to change these into or ^JdrSf or or Ex. :— ! Perhaps I shall not he here. Literary. This construction is in To be possible, combined, some¬ times with the Verbal Root, but usually with the Infinitive in the Terminateve case. Thus :_ (°r eq^-j / may he there . (or tS^-) / may not he there. (or 35^, §^-q- I might be there. i (or 5^-, S^-CJ- 1 might not be there . %T: or Skj^') i / wight hare f*ef n they* , (or yT^'j 5^'ci's^i / wight not have h* * n then 2\H TIBETAN GRAMMAR. There is also reckon, used thus another construction in qgc-ei- To calculate, ^•Wj-qqjc* I It may be so . I reckon, or guess it is so. Hortative. I^ii ases like Must, Ought. iShoubl (in these senses), Seed, Want , etc., to be, are rendered by means of or perhaps more Colloquially <r hy i hat and other auxiliaries, added to the root of Thus ;— * Present. l ? must be here. To me if is necessary ’ ^ ' * - to be. here. or ^STtKfc* | i t i J o nr qSjj-i'Rc - 1 yThou must be here. ) or | L He must be here. J Past. ^ or ^Tj^* / should have been here. To me if arts necessary to be here. or Thou shouUlst have been hern J- I or (h should hart been here. ^C*1 TIBETAN GRAMMAR, 219 Or (instead of gc j 9 or for all persons. ■"■ — If there is an adverb to show the tense, the Past mav he constructed like the Present. Purposivk. Phrases like That.... may or might tie: In order that.... may or might be ; So that. . . .inay or might be ; In order to be r etc., are ex¬ pressed by means of the Infinitive put in the Genitive Case and followed bv w Thus Cs -v— CV -s— That I may (oi might) be h* n So that he may (or might) be sab . The Literary construction is to put j n the Terminative ( ase followed by g or g’^T in the Genitive Case, and winding up with Thus cw^’g ( or $*) ^*3*1 That I may or might exist. Gi the construction may he in put in the Genitive Case cv ' and followed by Thus : — ^ That they may all In one (John ‘ >a xvii. 21). * x. I Imperative. does not seem to possess any Imperative Hoot of its own. Regarded as a substantive verb, its Imperative would per¬ haps best be expressed, as in Literary Tibetan, by . . ^ or. more emphatically, ^ literally Become being or Begin to exist. Thus : — ^ ^ f -Be here fit mirfiiiu/. or 220 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Such an expression, however, would probably never be used in fact. A Tibetan would ordinarily say :_ ^ ^ ^ 1 Come here at midday. If the idea of origination , or becoming, be implied, the proper Imperative would probably be Negative | Colloquially the Imperative of g^'C^ or, more elegantly, or respectfully To make. To do, To act, might bo brought into requisition. Thus :— 7^ or^^^wj^'crg^’tor better Be here at midday ; i.e.. Make to be here, etc. 9 ^ ^ ) ( N.B . g^l i 8 vulgar Colloquial, g^’ is sometimes used instead of g^l. but g?4* seems more correct.) Negative :— or Do not be here at midday. q'q§S', or Note that in / rrohibittons the Imperative takes the Present Hoot of the verb. When used attributively the Imperative of is. in the Colloquial, formed with the auxiliary verbs gS* 1 ^', and just mentioned. Thus : — g^*,or or 5^1 Be quick. Negatively ;— (<>'■ ^>r =- ) | (>i \ Do not be late. 3 ^’srg^' ( or qg^ or, > j Anottier way, which, however, is rather Hortative than Imperative, lfi to use the auxiliary verb gg?4*q' In this ease, there being no real TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 2lM imperative root, and what is said being only a statement of fact and not a command, the negative instead of 5J* is used. Thus — * ) € “S __ (S’vsrypl I Do not be afraid . Literally, Fear¬ ing, or fear, is not necessary. This also, however, may be expressed in the usual way. Thus : — (orSrqg^’ or&!*£J^*) j )o not f ear . i e ^ makt -v fear , or | The enclitic particles (after final "1\ *V or r, an.l a ft cr anything in the Colloquial), (after all vowels, or after final C* A* * 1 f ^ ^ , or ^ )# an -d (after final 5J* are only used for peremp- tory orders and stern commands. Ordinarily they are omitted Kven then tlie order is softened in various ways, e.g. by using the polite expression ^^Tg^’, or the still politer one Phase. Thus:— | Phase be careful. Please do not be cruel. When addressing equals or inferiors familiarly, the following *■ ™ constructions may be adopted :— -! 5^ gC or 1 Now then, be quick; or Do he quick. Do be punctual. A more Literary form would be : — Now , do be ComforUd , Precative.