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But where the Disjunctive idea is sought to be expressed the form is used thus : — pc' STST ^C- ^giv That house is mine, hnt / IO , -v ev -n gi v<> it to l/OU. Here the sentence is turned into : Though that house is mine, ( get i I cannot give it to you. •J. It would be quite allowable, however, to avoid using the Con¬ junctions altogether, and simply say : — F >er &r§jx§/£i3j | That house is not mine. / cannot cv -v ^ give it to you . or That house is not mine, ami l cannot give it to you . 202 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 4. Instead of as above, ttJCT alone, or [TJ^' acoordrag to the final of the preceding word, or the gerundial particles (after final ^*) f y (after final 3j'. ^ Ol\ and *T) or (after final C’j q' ? 5J* and all vowels) may be used. Thus :— t'v (or Though that house is mine, I can - ^ -v- cv -s noi ffive it to you. 5. Another way of expressing the same idea is the following :_ pc-cwqpvtq'cm' ( ° r ) a., since, or because the house is i n °' mine - 1 cannot < riw il ,0 y™- °* illustrative of similar formations in connection with verbs other than =T]C5TS1C*CJ ^•q’ and note the following :_ •qq^!-y*lC- C^i-gcior Though it was snowing hard / set out for Darjeeling. |WT SJC-q- qq^f • • C^g-gjc’ar Ditto. ( or qqsrtffc*) since, or because it ivas not raining I set out for Darjeeling. <5^*q’Srqq$r<3prgdj*?fc* ] cR^/crfi'^qq^Z' (or qqq'q*oj* ) s it was not raining he set out. As it is not raining I shall set out. 7. The expression Either, . . Qxr , etc., or by It is not raining, but I shall not set out. .or, is rendered by or by Thus : — TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 203 I hither it is about to rain or about to snow. Or :— Or :— 5^*q*^rapi|C^T^qq-(^i^ | , !3 SJ^* ^ ^1*^S* Either, lord, you will go or you ev __ will hang. 5j* g^*^* OI* gd]*q* q^yj^j* <jprq$!^*5jc* | ;y^C'^* ^CT]'q* WZ' $!^*<3j* ^q]* q* 1 Or ;— C'^q]xr^’ap*fi^*aj*i | r Either I aw right or wrong. Is the horse in the stable or not Y S. If is rendered by the expression RIOTS' or is more usual, by 1- alone. Thus :— q]OJ-^J^-af or. as q|(lj 5^ — ^ f or ^ If I am ri°ht . or if / were right. S3 Or simply : — C'^'CTA^’^ { or ) 1 Ditto. The second and third persons also take this D^aj* or Q^qj** f Thus:— (or ^=>1^)! (or ^=n-3i)| So with the verb To have : — If thou art , or ivert , right. If he is , or were, right. C’oyqS'jq’q^'IAJ^’'^' ( or ) | If I have, or had , good fortune. And similarly for the other two persons 204 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. With verbs other than and (To be, or To have), the >o conditional sign <3j is simply added to the verbal root, Present, or Perfect, for all persons. Thus :—- c*rpor-^ or pr*i! ^rpor^-af or g^l If I can, or could, give. If thou const, or couldst, give. If he can, or could, give. If I ask, or asked, him. If thou askest, or askedst, him , If he asks, or asked , him. C' ® <3 j* if, is confined to Literary Tibetan. 9. Expressions like Ago, and Since, in the sense of From the time that, are rendered thus :— 1 [ Three years ago I ate meat ; or, ■_ It is three years since I ate meat ; or, I have not eaten meat for three years . Or :— C$f^’5^'Cia?4*^*Srcr]^j^*5c* | bb Our common conjunction And is expressed by meaning u>ith, used as an enolitic, but only the first two nouns in a series are connected by it, however numerous the series may be. Thus :_ Time and tide and death tarry for 'cv cv nobody. Ol | Between two Imperatives, especially in Literary Tibetan, And is rendered by nj*. Thus : — (\ome and see. In Literary Tibetan, moreover, in addition to and OJ And and Rut are rendered by WJC and dp, and by the gerundial particle. TIBETAN ORAMMAK. 205 v ev -v 3C, -CjCr, or (SfT, and FT, *) or especially in sentences in which And occurs frequently , and it is desired to vary the particle. # Thus :— Eating flesh and drinking blood (Das). Tall and well made. (D.) Heat is hurtful (but) redd is bene¬ ficial. { D .) As you are of high and noble birth. (D.) If 1 have prophecy and know all mysteries and all knowledge, and if I have all faith , so as to remove mountains , but have not love, I am nothing. ( I Corin¬ thians xiii. 2.) ^•a-^q^Q^crq | ^c-ajciprq | SE’qSarq’qdj | jgy^^i^c^q*^ | **pry vpj-ycsayqc* =rpic-q* ay Jpr ^ • yr ffq'^yyyq-^^'sySfv^* 1 gwsrSiy^ | c* s*ujc**riy3f '\ *r y* *?] • * ° i qcjaj'q**a]*/t=y 3ST qrrp^^afy ] w fr q-^y nrsr ^ 1 c$r j|y I5I5T nr ycy j @5’^Srfir**-og* | |§S‘ C ^‘9‘ >o yr qif ^ * q^ * | *yfq 1 ^ *yqc* * qy^ * vTi 11. In the Colloquial or, after tinal y^ y^ q'^ or T]C* may signify And, Either. Neither , or Nor t according to the context. At tbe beginning of sentences the following are common : However , Hut, Well; However, But, Moreover ; Then; q54'-^54' Then, In that case. Consequently Come ye out from among them, and be ye separate, saitk the Lord. And touch no unclean thing; and I will receive you, and will be to you a Father , and ye shall be to me sons and daughters, saith the Almighty (2Corinthians vi. 17, 18.) 200 TIBETAN GRAMMAR, Examples :— | S/sr^cs}^ | u-^1 * ^'3^*9^^' c *ns^’ °r^c* CTJ^I ’sm§j | And behold .. There is no sugar either. Nor milk. Nor milk-jug. However f if you want them. Then the judge said to the prisoner. In that case I shall acquit you. Well, don't be angry. The Literary equivalent of Hut, However t is CW l 12. Whether is expressed by using the interrogative duplicative suffix. Thus :-— q^qyq*55^* <VF1I o ^1 'O ^ 3'^! j Vd 1 'i. Or may be expressed either as explained in clause 7 of this 1 * >J , or thus ;—- P | Is he hungry or thirsty f Whether I am right or not , who blows ? Whether it is correct or not, I do not know. Whether it will rain or not , who can say ? Whether he set out or not , you know. TIBETAN ORAM MAH. 2o7 14. As to the use of Conjunctions with Numerals, see ^ [{ Note 3. § 85. The Substantive Verb tXp'CT To be. The primary meaning of this verb is To exist, To be present, but it is often used attributively, i.e., as a mere copula to connect subject and attribute, and also as an auxiliary to other verbs As a substantive verb and when used attributively it may be conjugated thus :— Present Indicative. ° r w i Affirmative. I am here. ? 1 Thou art i here. or ] j He us •VOT, here. (pronounced yo’-a-re'). I H e are here ) y _ / ou are ^ here. P^S'^'W', or i ' J. ( They art ^P',or ) here. or C^-WI ( There being no difference between the singular and plural construc¬ tions, only the singular will henceforth be given. and connected as above with the third person, may also be used for phrases like There is , There axis, There are, There were etc. Thus :— C^CS ^C-rTj^q-Q=^V <3pirp3C-<§C-WT.§' There are thirty hate in thi s village. ^1 also ns ay apparently be so used when the speaker expresses knowledge derived from information. Thus : — W*^^'*^* Is there anon on that hilt or not ? OFpj I No, there is not. 208 TIBETAN GRAMMAR, According, however, to Mr. C. A. Bell, implies oncer- tainty. The future root Bfc-, f or a n persons, is sometimes used for the present tense, when vagueness or indefiniteneas is implied. Thus There are wild animals doton in that valley. An Intensive form of BJ^er is ^'CT, similarly conjugated, but not now in use. An elegant Literary form, not much used however, is I am. Thou art. Sl'SM', or =^0^ or He is. And the Respectful form is :—- I am. Thou art. CJgsjpT, or or 1 He is. qgq|^I*Cr^3j J J Negative of sr=v*n 1 I am not there. or I Thou art not here. or SPVy^ or He is not here. f Interrogative Form uTv^*, or ^ \ CJM* or or <**5^ j Ami here ? or TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 209 Art thou here ? (or *]•), or •WT** | P ^^i’5' Q ^ r T c ’]S)', or 0^q|TJj$j-J or y^*r^* yls he here ? cXT^r^xj l or SJ^SIST, or or W or J Atn l 7 tot here ? cv ^ I } ^ rtou not here , (or q*T) t or fjO (or ppr )s or S^rT U he not heref or or ^-qj cvjpspSp | g^q]-q^- ( or q^, puipifuf^ or q-^| Colloquially, Wjpq’ is sometimes pronounced Va'-pu, instead of Ya'-po. In some phrases, like the following, Q^* and not is used with the first person ; probably because there is really no nominative I, but the construction is ‘ ‘ There is to me.’' Moreover, the phrase is conjugated with HT etc. Thus ; - J 1 am cold . •O I I am ill. 27 Attributive . I am good. Thou art good. or He is good. 210 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. I am hungry, I am thirsty. Imperfect Indicative. This may be formed just like the Present Indicative, the context generally sufficing to show what the tense is. Thus :— Affirmative . F^iSWa" 35 ^. or or 0^' or 3j^-q-^ ] Ss-orc-gimcT'Sk 1 ^ sS or S 3 xj &aiffgqfqrai^, or <v^\ SJ> ^ I was here yesterday. Thou toast here yestercltty. He teas here yesterday. I was rich once. Thou vast rich once or He was rich once. Apart from contextual indications as above, this tense may also be formed with the aid of the auxiliary verbs ^‘CJ* and _ Thus :— Affirmative. I ivas here. occa- Tkou wast here. or nftlly ra-oA-^-u^'tri.S,', or occasionally was here. sio C^ Negative. (vulgarly ) 1 I was not here. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Thou uxist not her He uyis not here. Attributive. p 7 w<r5^-q-^ | I nas rich Thou u'fist He uvis rich. / utmogative. or Swfej*^ lt’„ s / h „ e , or.^j<rej| (or w Wa s , thou here ? or q') f or (or or CJ) | F 0 ^*^ T^*yT f or q*T. $ Was he here ? or CJ j| And so forth. Perfect and Pluperfect Indicative.