English
Oth er Another. Each other, One another. *r*r ] Sr=r|n|’£r Staffs Each, Every. Various , Sundry, Divers. 176 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 'ijapoKr^'T 9* - 5’ W 3=^ Cn V\ c Cv TV qj§d|T|' TT ^c- VT SC ' ^■^5' q ^T 9 - J Most, Both . Few, Little. A /cm;, ^4 ZiZtfe &e//> One’s seZ/ 6 T ame ► TAe very same Such Either , Z?acA o/ fww. *— On each side of the two shores of {lake) Mapham {Jdschke ). TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 1 ,r 7 m 1 i 4 "WS* i Either , Both. Ex. :_ , Andon either ^ (ie hoth sides) of the river (Jd^chke). § 32. Adverbs. are ^ detiv * ti ™- ®f Derivatives, some Adjectives or PartWpJ° there from Nouns . and “‘hers from R^ti!rX r ;rba nterr0gat ’ Ve ' NegatiVe > and < added to v T erTsl r^u,' r r* — — - expression q*raj?j- ' 7 add ‘ Dg *° the ad i eotl '' e to use an J 3 .■ C ° mm ° n habit, however, in the Colloqu.al e an a d] ect,ve adverbially without changing its form. tive adverbs“om'rim 1 S ° meWhere before th e verb. Interroga- inserted at any convenient nT**’ V the Verb 0thera may he Observed that they precedetlm verb! " s™*™’ S ° ton " 43 the ™le is ihe following are somp *1 phrases used in the Colloquial ■— C ° mm ° nest advifrhs and adverbial X5 <3j*T N5 * * \5 vr V? N? WJC ) Adverbs of Time JFAen ? (Added^to verbal infinitive) fFien, lhe #B| (A*ied to verbal root) H7 ie „, use d White. relatively • A o?/ (at tin's time) - p* j *’ \ H ^ Just now \t present. Hitherto , 6 T /> fo noiv. 2'i Then (at that time). 178 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. NO ^ &3[ ^5cw 5F T’Aen (after that). Hereafter , Henceforth. Ever , Always. With negative. Never. * ► Ever, Always, Constantly, Incessantly, etc. J 1 IF^en, ,/$< when. About, At the time. r Moreover, Furthermore. (Added to root of verb) Ever, with negative A 7 ever. Noio-a-days. Now and then. Often, Sometimes , Occasionally , with negative, Seldom. aJv'rpH - ) ipsr^lw]- j 0W5JC - j 1 ST^’ l Again, Afresh, Anew. Once. At once. Immediately, Hurriedly, Hastily , Di¬ rectly. Once more. (With negative) Not at all, Never, In no case. TIBETAN ORAM MAR. 179 gOfOT - A short time ago ?*’ ! A long time ago l Form "'y, Previously OI ifefr or fq 1 5*r£sr=q5=r|* =T]®cr|*ar Isrr i Quickly, Soon, Presently, Directly In a little while, In a few minutes. After, Subsequently, Afterwards, Newt, Last, In future. .4t last. At length. Anciently, Already. lpj*ar ^ C ' > Still, Yet. (Vulg.) P'?4C- Lately, Recently . ^*^1" Late, * fsT^pj* Early . ^ Without delay. **1 Slowly , Gradually, Gently, Softly , Lew? night. Last evening. ) > Last year. J Eventually, Later on. Indirectly. ISO TIBETAN GRAM MAH. QySjr (Added to verbal root) Just, Just about. On the point of. Going to. C'-V Some time ago* *rSf, or # or Sfaft This year. Cv cv Year before last. aj’ar ► Next year. Cv - Las# year* Yearly, Annually. Daily. 1'o-morroiv. To-day. Yesterday . C^I’Sr^' Every day . 9'£!*§ET] Some day. Adverbs of Place j I ^ Where? Whither ? (Also relatively.) q]’C|— Us'C* IP/rerever, Anywhere. TIBETAN Q BA MM AH. 1 H I cr|*q****yj* ^ Nowhere. =I]*V**'SJ* or ] j- Here, Hither. 1 K There, Thither. ) Xote.— In Lhassa Dir, Here, Hither t is loosely pronounced as if it were spelt t>X, i.e. something like the English word They, as pronounced by a Eurasian, with a slight dental d sound to the Th . Hence one sometimes sees the Colloquial form of Hm Hither, spelt <WV, which is not quite a correct form of the loose Lhassa pronunciation. Similarly one sometimes sees the Colloquial form of There spelt Da*. Both and ^ are incorrect. For the former the student should always use ^ , or <V^’ f when writing ; and, if he chooses to affect the Lhassa pronunciation when speaking, he should sav a^*r, not For he should always write or Over there. Yonder. C T|* Up there. Ov ^ * 3 ] Down there. Upwards. Downwards. 182 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Sff I Downhill. 9 fCT-apifr Slcfj : =T]gcT|*Qjq|*C]* Hence Thence. 5J^dj*aj* Be/ore. =T^C*0]* V \ Uphill. Upside down. Ahead , /n front , Om^arcfa, Forwards. Beh ind , cr|®£T|'aj* Afar. p'S^TH’ Op/wsi/g, 0i?gr against /nstead of. yar t/ws< 6y, Close by. <3^T O#. Backwards. g*fl5q]^-ai* Outside , IF/f/iou*. ^c'ar IF, lnside , .4/ />ome. /Vom within , From home. From without. np^-ar To tfg /g//. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 183 To the right . Together , Jointly. E verywh ere . c\jwnr '] r Around, Round about, .-!// round, WV Elsewhere . S 9 Aside. v> Asunder f Ajxirt. Adverbs of Manner. ^CT or ^5* < Tlie first added to root and the second to infinitive of auxiliary verb) Probably , Likely, Perhaps. ^5^* ) v How f cv W5* (pronounced Den-pa) Ssr qsr ► Thus , jSo. Quite so, Just so, Precisely, Exactly . Cv i?y degrees. Gradually. (Used with negative.) Quite , Completely , Absolutely, Thoroughly. Consequently. 184 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. EJjScn'CJ* Simply, Merely , Only , Solely Simply f Merely, Just t Only. Alternately. Almost, Nearly. Together , Jointly, Unitedly. Separately, Individually. Severally. v^-gsr^r 5 ingly. ^clpJ'gbl'<3jC:-qq5j* Formally. Merely, Only, Solely, Entirely. *r<3j$r ] ^'9^*^* }■ (Used with negative.) At all f On any account. or JFe//, with negative, IU t Bodily, 1*4^1'*7|' Better. Wf3pr Best. IMC* Even, Likewise. 5c-crg?j-^- Fairly, Honestly. 3 ^ Carefully. *S —N. Definitely t Punctually, Steadily jgswap-q^- Justly, Legally. TO' Certainly. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 186 Orally. Personally, Precisely , Exactly ■Tisjvrrgwpr Privately. MTeK" 5 , We/y 6W 5c-rgrr J sg^srergsrapr Promptly. Punctually. Especially, Particularly. S' ( Crdinanly, Usually, Generally , Universally , j Chiefly, Principally. SFT**V Decidedly, Exceedingly. §*^\^1 ^ Clearly, Distinctly , Lucidly, Intelligibly. a rule. Usually. Indirectly. ^6„cfc. Diligently, Zealously Genuinely. Herewith. E arnestly, H ea rtily, 'WS^ Easily. Gradually t Gently , Slowly, Softly. K‘ (Between a duplicated adjective or adverb, with at end of sentence) Of course. 180 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Adverbs of Quantity and Comparison, * **] <5^ How much ? How many ? Chiefly , Generally. Even, Likewise. 3TV {Used with negative.) Completely , the most part, Mostly, Almost, Nearly, With negative, Scarcely, ? or in Coll. ^ Approximate !?/. / 51 C’q- ^•Cl- jV/ore. *!CVJ*r 3 / 05 /. jPor Least. Too ; or add ?C* to any root ; or add jqfJCT as a verb to any root. Scarcely, afC’q* 1 _ c^_ f Enough j W Only , Entirely, All. T 7 ]' 5 ‘ Partly. £|C*q- J -K^ 1 i Much. With added, and followed by a negative,. Not much. Many . Fery many. TIBETAN GRAMMAR, 187 Too much f Too many. Few. 9C* Little . *sD FT*' A little, A few, Some. top 1 }> Besides, More yet. J JCSJC* roo little. Interrogative Adverbs, ^crar 1 f* FF% ? B'or ov 5* t T a 5*' £'V*\ or S-^' B F^5- How ? J e |'S*r a r ? ' era* *1*$* *TT *T^*r *rpr * When ? 1 Where? Whither? \ k Whence ? 18 $ TIBETAN GRAMMAR, J How much ? How many ? Adverbs of Affirmation , Doubt and Negation arompr Qj’uJc* QI'C^C* Yes. J No J °** .w Rather (i.e. Phan. ..pleases. CV -v q i 3c T9^' 3 r %cro l 5 - ^c-Sjaj-^c- ] t- Perhaps , Probably. At all events t In any case. Without doubt , Unhesitatingly . <5*01*1* ^’OIST sr^*r *r^$r Rather t For the most part , Somewhat , Almost , Nearly , with negative. Scarcely. V ) a//, Ever. (With negative) iVo£ o/ a//, iV^ever. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. I K9 5JC* cv *r *i^'cr £i^* Saj- Surely t Certainly , .By a// mearw 7io means , Never. Indeed. (Added to root of verb), EW. With negative. Never '<■ Not . J A T ot jx>ssessed of, Devoid of. Abbreviation of Is not , Are no/ Abbreviation of /$ no/, Are not As regards the Adverbs and Adverbial phrases used in the Literary lanjjuage, it is hardly worth while giving a list of them, as the student can easily find them for himself in Jaschke’s or Hai Sarat Chandra Pas’s Dictionary, or in Csoma de Koros’s Grammar, where he will see how and to what extent they differ from the Colloquial expressions Examples of the use of Adverbs and Adverbial expressions in the Colloquial - gsj-'q- ( or c -^1 ■=’’ T T C \' fprS’ 5J*r §*r si^V w qc -Q- ( or O V ^1 When dul the Pan-ch‘en-rin-po-ch’e (or Tarshi. Lama ) come from Ta-shi-lhum-jx> (or Zhyi-tfa-tse) ? When the minister's son got married there were great festivi¬ ties. When the meat is nearly boiled 190 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. ( or Whenever you can, get married. avq-eT) <qc*r (or nwj)| I rjer=n-q-a^-e\yq i j^-apruTc-Sj-e^p | ‘VT'^'T^V^ I §<^sr pc q- q-p- qlsr apr^Sj- ^rq- B s >' a \^'5 TT l'^''^i' a rK-r^ | pc-q-qlTs^-a^q-qc- \ pr erm* ^i* p^ • p- ^541 Cl-^’srar (^'LMC’) §6f*r [ (pron. nyuruj.) p^'^-<3j^*y^C'§^*DTc*csi | Where are you living ? Whither is the monk going ? Whence comes he ? How is your mother's health ? What is the price of that horse ? What o’clock is it now ? What have you built yonder house for ? Why have you come here ? While the house was being built t it collapsed. He died about dusk. When he went home he ate his dinner. When he was eating, he fell. How long (how many hours) is it since he died ? i.e.