English
Thus — Cv cv swiysip^- ] / have seen the man who killed ; or / have seen the man who was killed . The difficulty as regards Voice is, however, removable by avoiding the construction in for the Passive Voice, and using instead the simple Participle as an adjective either preceding or following its noun. Ex. :— Cv cs 'wyq'VJrycsrwge-jK i 1 1 have seen the man who was C killed. Or the construction in may be retained and something in¬ troduced to indicate by whom or by what the man was killed. Ex. :_ WTf : j5$r •VFI! He Juts seen the man who was killed by the soldier . § c > Cv cv 1 / have seen the man who was killed by the soldiers. The best way of differentiating between the voices in cases of this sort is to make use of the different roots of the auxiliarv verb To do. Thus :— ( or qpfy ) g^-cr / have seen the man who killed or kills. TIBETAN GRAMMAR cs — ( or =Tj^J^*) g^TCI* *jgc:'5c-1 , or CT|5^*J 157 I have seen the man who toas Killed. / have seen the man who is to he killed. The Relative Pronouns That and Which may refer either to Animates or to Inanimates. When Animates are concerned, the construction for the Active Voice should be in SJp^’ as above exemplified. Ex. : — k/ have seen the dog that killed. J J The head of the dog that killed has been chopped off. The dog that killed the man has k not been caught. When Animates are concerned, the construction for the Passive Voice is also in Sjp<3^ when the Agent is indicated ; and in a simple Participle used as an adjective, either preceding or following its noun, when the Agent is not indicated. Ex. :_ \3 1 I have seen the cat that was killed by the dog. J i / have seen the cat that was killed.. / 168 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. This construction may also be used when the agent is indicated. I have seen the cat that wets killed by the dog. When Inanimates are concerned the Participial construction should be adopted. This construction, like the one in £fp' is also in itself incapable of differentiating between the Active and the Passive Voice. Thus f 1 ] or ! S This is the iron that broke {some¬ thing) ; or, This is the iron that J was broken. The following, however, illustrate the Active Voice, as an object is mentioned, and the sense is therefore clear. Ex •_ Or :— f 1 qpr^qnpr \ (in Colloquial) a,5q| | S3 Or :— •£) r,|, This is the iron that broke the stone , i.e., the stone-breaking iron. { This is the stone that broke the iron. \ I Here is the arrow that struck the , rock. The following illustrate the Passive Voice : — or ( This is the iron that ivas broken by the stone. This is the stone that was broken by the iron. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 159 | Here is the rock that teas struck by the arrow. g^-or^-gpXjaj- or I ___ | I will give you the book that you j read tome. The Active Participles U^*SJp<3j*, for Animates, and eXJ^'CJ' for Inanimates, may also be used for the construction of Relative clauses, the former being put in the Genitive case, and the latter also, if it precedes its noun, but in the Nominative case if it follows its noun Examples :— -C\ C*<3j=T| "Ol *0Cj^ -gd|' gnj •?* 'O In this last case the Pronoun used thus ;— 9 C T9 C T £T I'^* ( ot ^F) -^c’^sr S3 j^-^rsil^-ncrcsi | Or :— A man who is 7101c in Lhasa u'H! come. The cave Oiat is %n the forest tnus ? be searched. The cave that t s in the forest must be searched. C T^' ( °r *J|CT), which, may be The cave that is in the forest must be searched. Have you seen the Treaty t?iat teas signed at Lhasa ? 1 HO TIBETAN GRAMMAR. B.— Correlative Pronouns. The English Persona! Correlative Pronouns, the rendering of which into Tibetan has now to be considered, are *— I or We \ Thou or You > Who. He or They ) Whoso. Whoever. Whosoever. Anybody Anyone Nobody No one Who. The Impersonal Correlative Pronouns may refer either to Animates or to Inanimates, and are :— What, or That which. What so. Whatever. Whichever. Whatsoever. Whichsoever. Anything that. Nothing that. 1 .—Personal Pronouns. When the Pronoun is in the first or second person, singular or plural, one construction is to use the Pronoun itself, in its ordinary non-relative form ( f etc.), and to turn what we call the Relative part of the sentence into a sort of Noun-phrase, with the aid of the affix Ex. :— gofer <°r> g q r c \9°r§‘W ^•Sf||y'T|’c\=icsr ( or ir-Ttv) % / who am conversing with you (i.e., /• the converser with you) am your king. We who salute you (i.e., we your saluters ) are your subjects. We submit to thee who hast sub¬ dued us , i.e., to thee our sub¬ duer. Sometimes, however, the sentence has to be wholly recast and a participial construction adopted instead. Cx.:— TIBETAN ORAM MAR. 1 61 E^"'* S/gorer^Sjsrg-^ | T h on whose son is with us (i.e., thy son being with us, thou) must be our king. When the Pronoun is in the third person, the construction may be either in ^'^C* Whoever, Anyone who. He who. etc., or in Ex. :— ( or ( or or (or OJCTdjSr ^f^’Scri'q-Cl^ai'^- (for Q ') g-g^rg^^’wjc-cigcr^c:- ] ^’£r£T"' (or <3j*rtAJZ'tT|^* i^rwfc' 1 ^DQz’^'y^C'ai^Trj-g^-irqfpsj-| g^'^' r T]’g^i*^cxjc:*y (0|*^ HJcrpr g*aiyT^*q*^*Qj-^*aj-^-5c:*c*cr WZ*^'^| g*ar*i^*cr^''W 21 He who (or whoever, or anyone who) runs away is (or will be) a coward. Nobody (or no-one) tvho comes udll ever return .- or. he who (or whoever , or anyone who) comes will nei'er return. Whosesoever sins ye remit they are remitted . He who (or whoever, or anyone tvho) runs away will be shot Anybody who (or he. who, or who¬ ever ) goes to sleep there will never u'ake up. Whoever (or anyone who, or he who) drinks this water will be thirsty again. He who (or whoever, or anyone who) comes must work. Whoever (or he who, or whosoever or anyone who) tvorks will be paid. Whosoever hath, to him having been given, he shall have ahnp - dance ; but whosoever hath not TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Ifi2 or a^p|*ctva s g^*T'| \5 ^■gq|^-org|C^-qj£jpj'3j?j-5jt- (or *,C g?j - §^ - S 4 C’| ffST sr 5|r §* <^C gq- qgq- y (or g^-q^cy) sqc-^SRT ! from him even that which he hath shall be taken away . Anyone towards whoin the bull rushes will naturally run away. Anyone with whom that Lama over there quarrels will regret it. tSometimes both 5T1AJC and are used together. Ex. :— q$; gj§^* sipa^-op y^c:* qsr 1 ivill give a rupee to anyone who will carry this letter. N.B. —It will be noticed that is usually separated from Moreover, it is the ST and not the SXJC which takes whatever ease- signs are necessary, and the tAJQ* comes in at the end of the relative clause, 2 .—Impersonal Pronouns. In the case of What (in the sense of That which) which is really a Correlative Pronoun, the participial construction is adopted, and the Pronoun (or ^TlC ) That which may be used or not at pleasure. Ex. sCv ( or q|c j spyq*^- yr ( •vr> i Or simply :—■ ' 5 U |' 'r ’ yr *f TT ► Do you understand uhat you are reading ? S3 J TIBETAN GRAMMAR, I 63 csq^-or ( qp-- or tip-, q^-sr You must do what l tell yon. BV* or e, F) - I will buy what you want. c^i^srSJ::-1 (‘T^’ or q K‘) / do not know exactly what they ^r^rJ-Sjq | cost ( "T*’ or "F) Q ^' C) '§ S i' / "' give him what you like. q^^-porS^-cXTc:* | The other Impersonal Correlative Pronouns, which are more forcible than ^ ^ and What, That wnicn, namely, STjCW, and What so, Whatever, Whatsoever, Any¬ thing that, and, with a negative, Nothing that, may be illustrated thusj— 'SP Or: — Or:— Whatever , or anything does is good. Or that, she spv =T]C,’ ct|C ■ g^*q*5* t*jc * wjpj’lf <v^l S9 g^*pcd ]**He can tell the price of anything o- -v~ c- that, or whatever , is in uour *^KfSraraq^ | house. Whatsoever is in a man's heart will influence his whole life. C* Cv cv *]* 3fJ cg*cq* Or :— J 164 TIBETAN GRAMMAR ar=ip op cr P^'^T 5 l c *F c, 3 or2 ^ : ' I c^*^cfa|*^*35^-cr^c*c:?r cq* M 1 *^ I Or:— dp ^cjc or ^ wwrj§*f or^BSr | Or:— Co; ^qc- ar^ic- 5T^- q ^ CT jjjj^nr ^•5Tc-1 ^qpr <^p g^ - apqcTcgqsrg^' 5fc| Or:— ^gsj-tqc- §sf q-^rgfc-gqsrjfr $* sr^l •T^l P (or Sl*gC*) Whatsoever is in a man's heart will influence his whole life. I will give you anything that, or whatever, is in my power. Nothing that the enemy does will save the fortress. You are right in absolutely nothing that you have said. I recede from nothing that I have written. I have not seen anything. 3 .—Literary Constructions. (a) The following examples illustrate the Literary method of rendering relative clauses:— Sc-Sc-aqN-q-qae'q'S'Sq'q’ Every tree that bringeth not forth ^ 5 J 3 ' good fruit hewn down and qsisr q^ • ^*r sr r sK q*; ^ into ^ fi Te (Matt. ™. wj- 3 S‘Tl TIBBTAN GRAMMAR. 1 65 g*V§*r gaj* q§; S*T^3fiT ^5=T]* q^sq-ql^* ^*q*r<3f S' garq'^-^dj-q-^- gaj-cfar 5f°l J S*^'Tpj*J5cq*a|-tSj^-q’^ ’ Wr *r<% q^T^-sig^* aj'gar^m | 0^* J*r car *qajC*q^*q|S*q|^* ca; ttjq- C*nr =T|^C*q^-5jS^*^q- t^q- J* si<£aj* q^' apf g*r q^* And why behold eat thou the mote that is in thy brother's eye, but considerest not the beam that ts in thine oum eye ? (Matt.vn. 3). The stone that the builders rejected the same was mode the head of the comer (Matt. xxi. 42) Render therefore unto Caesar the things that are Caesar’s aiui unto God the things that are God’s (Matt. xxii. 21). And the glory which thou hast given me 1 have given also unto them (John xvii. 22).