English
jcr | f5^'crpl*(nc*ci’^£l|- for £p|*QI^ or q ^*5* } or Literary :%S51 I a, ^'T a \^’ 5 J‘ 3 i'P c ' 5 r5 c T q r^'^ £ T ara^-Sj-^q,, o ^C'Q^'CMC'Usf^ | £N’g$rc*i^'q*q(^* f or <3jc*q^j* or | p^C^TST^’ for sj-gEn-q* or & ^ SJ*p^' or STF^*^*) CSTST*^* ejgersTc:* | ) j^*0*^3*^c:* ajer]^*|^cr|5cr|*g-^^ | Please give , etc. Pleas? give , etc. Will you cot nr as far as to yo ad er house / This road goes about as far as to that house. A s It iyh as that tree-tr„ n k is f „my l>e) this one also is. ^ ,s f ar as I know , that is so ; Literary, If if he according to the knowledge I possess , it is fust like that. As soon as he rose / fired. ‘ * J/ hook ts as goist as tpyxtTs * Literally, Aty hook is equally good-had with yours. Pronoun, Pronouns. 31 . —The () I C* 1 —Personal Commonest forms in Colloquial 136 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. C’C’^C' wZrc' Expressive of humility. Chiefly used in Tsang. Like Persian Bandeh . | Emphatic forms. This old fellow or chap. Used by the speaker in reference to himself, but only in a comic way. The following are Book-terms : ST J ) V, Expressive of humility pf*r C'FI / myself. (masc) (fem.) This one , TVt/s person. This individual. Usefi by the speaker with reference to himself or herself. I myself . I alone. ^l*P*<3j* 11 umble form of foregoing. The following are Colloquially used by the Kyrong-pas. or Nipfil Frontier I d H'tans :— "F Pronounced almost like I*5*^C* / myself. We ourselves i/> Thou. fv I . ( onnnon Colloquial forms. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 137 The genitive of pp* is either or Thy, Thine and the Agentive is either or pV^r By thee. FS’ } r Colloquial lionorifics. gs’^c- ) 7^ Used in official correspondence. (pi. wasr ) met with in dialects. !?V 1 * ^ Polite Literary forms EFF3’ ’i'cr Literary honorific ) * Other Literary forms. B^'FT ' (c) He, or She. F c ) Common ( olloquial forms. The genitive of p* is eitlier p or p*^* //is, and tl agentive is either or | ph* ^ Sr > Polite forms. Literary and Colloquial P" j 17 1 Honorific form, Literary and Colloquial. F*J* ^ pq* prsr P% ^ y ie Literary forms 138 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Other forms for She :— ST , L Colloquial. SW J The genitive of is either 5T (^ or and the Agentiv© is either or (</) It. Thf rt is no special term for this pronoun. It is often not rendered at all. Ex. Sj-a^-riv^-eiSJ I appr^ ! u this my horse ? Yes, it is. r ! Where is my pen ? It is broken. £ 33 * 3 ]*^ K | If used at all it is generally rendered by or Ex. :_ or Here is your pen: Us point is ^ ^ broken . i Usually Pronouns are not repeated in ordinary conversation after the first reference. (ei Reflexives. Self, One's self , is the Colloquial and in Book-language. commonest expression, both in the Other Book-terms with the same meaning are - ?*V, and q^CTf^| II.— Declension 1 his follows tile same rules of Personal Pronouns as apply in the case of Substantives. TIBETAN GRAMMAR i 1 'A9 Singular. /V?i ra/. Nom. Voc. ^ c- I c’e&' We. Ace. ■ ! Gen. Of me. Of us . Agent. By me. cr<£sr 5y ?/.*. Dat. C’GJ* To me. C\5"aj* To w$. Loc. C On me. Ow Per. Mod. ^ Against me. i Against u sv Abl. C Q|54 Than me , Than Term. V Towards me. ■ta_ \ Town i { C From me , /'Yoro Nom. Voc. Acc. | C-^C- /. w>. Gen. C Of me. O/ Agent. C. /?y 7e. C^C'SSr By us. I>at. C GJ* YY) W6p C*^C’3faj- To ns* And so forth. 4- 1 * 1 Voc. \ ST Thou. iSS’*’ Foil. Acc. J Gen. stS' Of thee , Thy. j FS*^<V I O/ yo?/, Agent. By thee . By you. Or:— Gen. Agent And bo forth. Of thee. Thy. O/ you , yours By thee. By you. gV*c- Thou m is declined like C /. 140 TIBETAN grammar. Nom. Voc. Acc. } F \ He. They. Gen. F$‘ ) F^V j Of him . His. F*®,' Of them , Agent. j5Vr ^ p1 By him. t By them And so forth. c /- P c * He. is declined like /. , *1 She, is declined like pf He. ^ This humble one, lias for genitive and for Agentive %l| This humble one , has for genitive 5j’ ( and for Agentive All those ending in CT S' xr j* . r - „ , ,, , ^ ^ > . “ , ^ , and ^ are declined like r ose ending in are declined like Thou , save as regards the IV>mis in ^ j A. B .--Plural Nouns do not take the plural sign & if from the context it is clear that plurality is intended [See <( 29 B -’fell hut Plural Pronouns always take the sign, except when they J£iX oy h umeral Adjectives. Kx ample :— C We four. It'e five. IIT. The Reflexive Pronoun. Jhe following are examples of Self, One’s self, used reHexively : — TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 141 3*sr^cx*^$r.Zp| | Rrci^*5ip^^^CqM-q-^r | j^’^sr^op; c*oj-£3(Sjcq*cq-^cj^j * or UMraffI] ^•^CL-^rgc-1 5Tz* | (or 5CSTCT ) d]Scr|*'Hr^c* ^’ q W e, '^ a ' c '*' ^’ a wp4'§ a )' c T(j^' ar^r§-<v^ j ^ N (it) The following are Literary : — gSTTJC^C'Sj'djC ( or better, Ifo ^-) ^**T]*>3rg^er^r*c’ Srg^'ero^'er^' or Qfft S'WVT, or 'VfrTI s 9 ='^C^afj*rsrgc-1 If I know myself s } nr it unfit, / shall see God. If I see God spiritually f shall knou' myself. Man , know thyself. The murderer has killed hunstlj. Did yon keep the money for uonr- self ? The idea originated from myself. The dog pulled the hone towards itself. The soul alone really knows itself. Other men are ourselves incarnate under other conditions. He that speaketh of (from) him¬ self, seeketh his own glory (John vii. 18). / am not come of myself (John vii. 2S>, 142 TIBETAN GRAMMAR Or better:— c-^c-Sj-S^- (or ^-) 8fir srsjajl / am not , etc. Or better :— *r I can of mine own self do not hi no (John v. 30). / can „ etc. W JC^C^'gwSrcrig^ j Or better :— wc^c^c-SfSc'nrgsi^tTjS- *>’, or (5 ? t^' ;T iS^'^ r 5'V or sqss' 3'*^! I judge not mine own self (1 Cor iv. 3). / judge not . etc o (>r better : — ^•^C-Sl^-oraiq-gfj-l-S^ | ^F^c-WQ^-Orj | <)r better :— 5'<T%$ | What sayest thou of thyself (John i. 22). What sayest , etc. Askest thou this of thyself ? (John xviii. 34). Askest thou this , etc. JI' 5pj * qsr- *• Whosoever shall exalt himself shall he humbled ; and whosoever shall humble himself shall bed. exalted (Matt, xxiii. 12). TIBETAN O RAM MAR. 143 IV.— Compounds in Hang. (a) frequently forms the first part of a compound. Ex ■ I i J qc'q^rcjsc'i I ^c-gc-j ^sgcwgsrsr i g*wrer*c^-$*g^ | i Or better ;— C^C'^qC-p^or^^i^ I ^c^^-|rq*ari^*^^g t *c-^-*cq|w*rq^-q|gsi i Self ; One's self. One’s oirn soul. Each ; each respectively : Hon. for you. Each has hold of his ou*n leading- string (D). Ear It at his owns door. Sfionlaneous : of itself. Spon ta nemt sly. jS 'el f-sprung . By ignorance one's future iras of its own self destroyed. Love seeketh not its own (N.T.i. Bri ngeth not about its own ends. Love, etc . I shall go to the house of utt/ oton accord. Let us (the tiro of us) go hence together. One's own perception, intelligence and ha gpinrss, three things (I)). Yon trill take your ott'ii life ([)l. also often forms the second part of a compound. Ex. : 144 TIBETAN GRAMMAR, *f^C- I V^' I ^e:% §fi'HF*c' c^rg^er^c*%i i *Kc* i A. n u u marrted ?nan. -1 spinster ; a woman by herself. The very same, exactly , quite so. ft is just so ; if is precisely so. Quite early in the morning. With negative —Not much. Not many. By the mere (just by) meeting with me. A man all by himself ; just a man. V. —Possessive Pronouns. 1.—Or pin ary Personal Pronouns, {a) Possessive Pronouns are formed by putting the Personal Pro¬ nouns in the Genitive case. They may either precede or follow the noun or object in respect of which possession is predicated. Ex. :_ That is my thunder. That thunder is mine. This is your dictionary. This died onary is yours. Or:— 1 y b) In some works formed by aflixmg it is stated that the Possessive case may also be * to the shorter forms of the Personal Pronouns. n IUS craaf .1/ //, Mint 9 of ttic ; pr^* // is. <d him . and so forth. If TIBETAN GRAMMAR. I 45 this be so, it must be a very obscure Literary usage. If an C-pa heard or saw the expression C'53j-, it would probably raise in his mind the idea of egoism, selfishness, etc., and not that of the Possessive case as associated with the first person. Compare the phrase I the chief, i.e., possessed of pride, i.e., proud. So, also, the expression said to be the the equivalent of The Lama’s prayer-wheel. prob¬ ably means The Lama with, or possessed of, the prayer-wheel. 2.—Reflexive Possessive Pronouns. These are merely the Reflexive Pronouns put in the Genitive ease They then signify One’s, One’s own, Mv own. Thv own. Thine own. His own, Her own. Its own. Our own. Your own. Their own, according to the pronoun, either expressed or implied, to which in the same sentence, they respectively refer back. Colloquial Examples :— 1 shall ride my own horse. We shall have, to cook our o>cn food. BVCarper]* cj'’a^* or Literary Or :— g*-srt^y5f*r§- | p ^ E^'ETj ^ crj*£jryj c | I Will you briny your own servant ? You must all briny youT own knives , forks and spoons. Each of you must brainy his own knife , fork and spoon. He did not realize his own good luck. They cannot tell their own names. 146 TIBETAN GRAM MAR . Sr^*r ( or sr?