English
Twr) WII 'O Sfrsfc’l C^C'^'OTWC (OJ-) wj-5j- qgpsrgc-t In honorific form:— c^c^’^^qj^^srcrspr g^-qgjq-q-E^C-3^ | ^1 c%q*jsrg*<^cTj | \P §H The following are Literary:— pr^c^'&^^'fjtqxrS^c-Sf Sf- Wf c • pqc Sj-gf-o^- aj*r1^- q- Every man believes his own watrh is the most accurate. They have all cleared out of their own milage. Every house has its own park {compound). My own mother educated me. My own mother , eto. He was the architect of his own good fortune. Every housewife thinks her own broom is the best. He succeeded because of his own diligence. He himself bearing our sins in his own body upon the tree (1 Peter ii. 24). He who speaks of himself seeks his own glory (John vii. 18). TIBETAN GRAMMAR. I 47 pc^c-ETj* o^iwr ^r §r*r £ 7 / fJ a \’^l He came to his own kingdom , hut i.s own subjects received him not (John i. II). "p|^C-5prqjS^-g^ | ^C’Oj-rr No 5J^| Hove seekefh not her oum (I Cor xiii. 5). You will take your oirti life (I)) If one have no son of his oun fD) VI. —Demonstrative Pronouns. These may also be called Distinguishing Adjectives, monest are Oft this, and that, as to which see § 27 The following are also common :— Cv This very, This same. ^ That very. That same. This 'particular . That particular. The ooni- Itke that. l That very ; that precisely ; just so ; thus ; so ; just that . Also the following :— ™ °1 That over there , Yonder (far off). *9 That just th ere (nearer), **] That up there. SIT That down there. i hese latter may be used just as they stand, or they may be put m the genitive case. Whichever method is adopted, they precede the noun that they distinguish, and they may be used with or without 148 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Also the following : — Cv v *VT5' I > Suck f such as. Examples :— 1 I m ) COJ-^*dj^*q|ajc:^q*q , ^*ci]’^c: * °Wf5*\ 1 ai^’ai5l*'T|'c7|’^5^'^-q^ | aiqj^qia^’CTja^’^c^l'^r]'^^’ (or srapr) | ^*m^cw<3j i q*^l ] Or :— Who is this ? Who is that t This is my brother , or sister. That is my master. That same gentleman will employ you. Please give me what you can of that: literally, what you can from that, just that please give. This road goes as far as to that house : literally, this road to that house, about just that, goes. What is the road like to the pass ? Fen/ steep and crooked , just like that. That won't do at all : literally. like that will not come at all. That is so. What is the name of that hill au>ay yonder ? q’% (orq-g^*) ^qj’licai’cr]* What is the name t etc. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. I 4fi Cv Cv ‘VS"II The name of that bxg valli'y daton there is X>o~mo (Chumbi). 0^-wic:^5'gapar^i-gc-cffi j Have you ever heard such a before ? The Literary equivalents for most of the above are :— na nn 'CV This. That. eve* •w^r Cv Cv *W OFF^T “FF^’ j °>YT ^*T ) Th is very ; Th is same . ^•j[sisr -v CV -V cv vn ► This particular . S'^C $F r Cv <g'q* j* S'? SS*S5*^ q*rg^’ 3^* k This here, STR- srsy “v—Cv Q^- “<V 1 ► 3v.ch > Such as. So named. Named These, Those. That Very ; That sa tne . v That particular. Save and Cv f That there. < these are ] not used in 0 1 Lor Taanij. That. 150 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Examples :— (or ) q^*rg*q \ ^PW^gcapj | I and one so named; 1 and so and so. They laid hold upon one Simon of Cyrene, coming from the country (Luke xxiii. 26). srg’Vj'q'Uf $jq*q-q | a q. And behold, a man named Joseph , who was a councillor , a good man and a righteous , of Arima- them, a city of the Jews (Luke xxiii. 50). Suck as this am I (D). IL The Reoiphooal Pronoun* ^S^^SSTI 1 One another ; each other. Examples ?Tc;- | y g*ra *^^]^*S C =T] < Scil'a|'q|3cr]* ^•Swsr^! £P'5C-1 *■>1 They loved each other The ladies looked \ at one another mirthfully. They have gone up to each other. They have scrutinized each other's garments. The Lamas received ceremonial scarfs from on'e another. They have gone in company with one another. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 151 F -pjSsq-a)-q|lq|-paj-q^-J- •VFII ^’<5* tv c5£T)*§| ** C'CT *<3j C-5j2SI*p*^* ^^‘ai-ETiscTi'ajq'^c* ] 'They are cottversing with each other. } e also ought to wash one another's feet (John xiii. 14). Some of his disciples said one . to another. VIII.— Interrogative Pronouns. In the Colloquial these are :—- *T # plural form Who ? "T*. ■■ T^T*' ) V What ? which ? =T]C*n|C;* ) **[$[, Which ? ™ is more commonly used than ^TIC* All the above are declinable like nouns. The Literary equivalents are :— sr 1 > Who ? *rp* 1 5’ l What ? =rp ) =rp* Which ? \ ► These are also declinable like nouns. In simple questions the Interrogative Pronoun is usually placed immediately before the verb. Ex. :—• 1 PS'S'S'*^ 1 Who are you ? (singular). Who are you ? (plural). 152 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. ^5'^RPVFI l p or o^’df| ’"O I JTfto te present ? Who are these Lamas ? What Lamas were there ? What is your name ? What is that box made of (by) ? What are these loads ? What horses were there ? Who sent this book ? Which of these books do you want ? If, however, the Interrogative is in the genitive case, it may come either before the verb or before its noun. Ex. :_ sr^'pc-q-gS;^- or *r5j*gcv i ^ > Whose house is that ? pz-rr^ I When, too, the sentence is more complex, the pronoun, though it precedes, need not immediately precede the verb. Ex. :— ^ajraprg SF'§’^ | ^^*5iS=n*p'0oj’^-^s£i‘ci]c:*^c’ -o ^pr^q^*<S^*rrj*QpcT| ] Which of you can give me a rupee ? With what is the Kingdom of God to be com fared ? (Mark iv. 30). Who among you '<tn charge me with any sin f When the sentence contains an Interrogative Pronoun the Interro¬ gative particle is not usually added to the verb. However, there is no harm in adding it. Ex. :- TIBETAN GRAMMAR. I 6 :t What are yon building? pc-q-^-WdiJj-D^- 5f c - c . ^ > Who is going to build that haunt ? or MIC'EST or DJcCSI I What is that abbot's name ? Here may also be mentioned =q*^‘ What measure ? It is often used as an adverb, signifying How much ? but it may also be regarded as an Interrogative Pronoun signifying What ? Kx. *_ What o'clock is it ? What is the time, or hour ? Literally What water-measure is it . Also **[Q$pr 9 or Like what, what sort, what kind ? This is really the adverb how, but it is often used as an Interrogative Pronoun in the sense now given. Ex. ■_ 0 , 5 * 70 ^ 1 *•0 y(or =t^- =*]*§*) What sort of spoil {wild animals „ game) is there in that big valley down there ? H hat ts the road like from khasa to Ta-sht-Ihitm-jx> (Shi-ga^tse) ? The Literary equivalent of is or 5'^' < n E'^rr or 5’^’^* or Ex.; — H hat is best to be done now ? Hoiv best to act now ? What sort of Being is the so-called Buddha ? <r -. . Ox H.B .—5' is more correct, but E* is also used interrogatively. IX.- -Relative and Correlative Pronouns A .—Relative Pronouns. Tn the Colloquial there is no pronoun corresponding to our Relative Pronoun Who. the force ami effect of which are expressed by turning 164 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. what we call the relative clause in the sentence into a kind of adjectival or noun phrase. This is done by adding to the root of the verb the affix which, it will be remembered, may take the Article, Definite or Indefinite. Ex. : — Q r ._ \ I have seen the man who kills the =v V sheep . Or : — 53 NO sj 1 3 Cv Cs -s Xr NO F'l Cx -vO SO I ^ — x, so He has seen the man who kills the sheep. He who kiUed the man (i.e. , the man-killer, or murderer) has run away. I I have seen the man who killed the L wolf , i.e., the wolf-killer , ori oolf- \ killing man. J J know the brother of the man who killed the wolf. The man who killed the wolf has given me its skin. Cv Cn gc T]q^-^paj*^3T^C^^'C ^ o ! 1 went mith the man who killed the wolf . All the villagers ran to the man who J? killed the wolf. TIBETAN GRAMMAR, 156 or (*) ^S 1 (^sjsrei^C'SJ^sr ^•KjC'sjp.Sf'gj-si- ^d|*pc:*CJ*5r§j'C4*^'3*^C7| | SP NP g^aj'cr^^srqj’cf^ I a|’ c T]^*i^*0*a N ^tT] | cj^'ci^c*^95r^'2Tc:’3qp^*0* q v j^-eij55=T]*0^ , 'T]‘a|' ? T]^'Qr‘ ^ q T 19 Y 8, ^ w * ,c ’ cr 941 * W | ^ar^’<3&*g$rcruS^*ap? j ^aj^-Eq^-gq-igc' ] The abbot gave the tnan t.rho kill&t the u'olj a rupee. A man who came with the Sha-pe is staying in that house. That man is the servant of an official who came with the Sharpe. What is the name of-the man who signed the Treaty ? The uiler-^ants who came with the Sha-pe bought many quaint things in Calcutta. Did you converse with the Amban who came from China ? I have got two two-edged bans (suords) from a man who used to live in Lhasa. The above are all in the Active Voice, but a difficulty occurs when there is nothing in the context to show whether the Active or the Passive Voice is meant. In the following examples for instance, either voice may be implied :— "O’ si 1 I have seen the man who killed } i.e., the murderer , or killing- L man ; or j 1 have seen the man who teas killed. In such cases the general drift of the conversation is the sole guide , to what the meaning really is. In fact, the last three examples are 156 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. susceptible of a third rendering, namely, The man who was killed by me has been seen; and, if this is not the meaning intended by the speaker, the Personal Pronoun C$1* should be inserted immediately before the verb.