English
was alive. Have you ever been to Lhasa ? No, I have never been to Lhasa. Will you ever go there ? TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 191 9'* ■ c* gj* *j’ or cr ^ 5 - or w^etm C’^Svai-wjcl^SI'gc :-1 (P ron. nyiing.) r^-dpr (or 3T5j^*) gaj’sr^Tc* f yw^sc-^ir^c-^or (or qp|-S:tr *T^> ^C^--^3C-gC*^T*^qi I | T&neifa^ | ^c^or^-m^-^cli-STc;' i f ■5J-OT o^f q-Qifj- ^l-gjCTarfjifq I ^t^qiX-S^SFTl-^gc-jf^Qr S^fe-! (or Vulgar Coll. ^’Q^* ) c ’§'S c: ’^i'^ Q r Q rS^^rSr^^' £ T|f?T sit] .^c;-Er&|-QTrrr^-^ | Some day l mag q 0 to Lhasa. I have never even been to Chiimbi. Many people have never been to the hills at all. The hills are very far away. Lhasa is too far away. Moreover , Lha#a is loo cold. That is not all. There is much more yet. Furthermore , there would not be much to do in Lhasa. I would rather stay in Darjeeling than go to Lhasa. Our troops once went to Lhasa. They may have to go there again ; or Perhaps they will have f etc. Twelve years ago / went to Europe. How old is that tree ? How old are you '/ 192 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. ^rvs-^csr^pr (or eig^^r) apr ^ST (SIC'S?) ?ic-Q^q|| 'O | i T Q, '^r a vi £ T'g'^’ c r^ 1 S3 •VFII o C5J • siqc-qj-§}' 'Vf'l! o •vte^H1 n^-srSjfc-1 p^cp^cf^’g^STc - 1 a!5J'5JC-SI^-§|=J| i CQ s -'S^’^55j'0^' ! ? | ’3C’‘ : I]^iaj-5 ; q|54C’ TVS*! 1 *o m psr *y sc ^pppr’q'i" 0* ^**11 •v^l ; = I ^=T=T s ‘-s i I read that book some time ago. Anciently (of yore ) the five pre¬ fixes were pronounced. N ow-antays they are not pro¬ nounced. I cannot find the book anywhere. At all events I do not see it now. Come here. Do not come here. They went away yesterday. Go aioay immediately , My teacher speaks very distinctly. He always speaks very fast. I do not understand him easily. Do not make so much noise. Why are you talking so loudly ? TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 193 ff *r °r SR- *• sc-ef ^tq- * w fi - 2r e \V!l Thu lama is only telling you the truth . ^.cv cv Y^TgW'^'jgwrpcar^'SC'^r Hf^*rsn?rSic-1 wc ^pc’jj'erg^-Tj-wiq-^Sj 1 or SFcrcsi | VT ^'T * n ^I I i?V ^q- j§sw pc-ar^g^- S'*!! yAe judge came to court very early to-tlay+ y Probably he will be late tomorrow. Just now it is terribly hot in Calcutta. Take the money to court per¬ sonally. aoa old is this little child? ^1 a >^ a i5T £, I 5 F§ s rq-a | q ^‘ c \ 5 ! V$ :t | ^' i J' rr ]?K r ~raj | a ‘V®i5'V a, * J "’ T r s M*3y E T| aj | q i^' h i5^‘S’*' 4 ’' q i I ^^■®pr^rew | gft'qi^-crli-'gpr G^'3^' P c ’ ~ ,Q \ t‘ What pleasant weather / What a cutting breeze f What an excellent road / What an enormous dog / What a thick branch / What a beautiful girl l Wait a little: why are you so impatient ? Why are y&u building this house / 25 194 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. g'3^^5'^' or S’ £ T^ =T l 1 qpje^cf §^’?5c*csr (or Coll. C5T) | ^ccf =rpsi * |pi*j * or y ^ oTjgq^T CI’^CW MV#* 1 ‘FI ^c-ef^i qpfoi' q- q^q‘ q- Ujapf y l*4=I|'=f 1 Why is the child crying like that ? Have all the servants gone on ahead f First you must turn to the right, then to the left, and then go straight on for a distance of about twelve paces. When you reach the road end . shout to me. There are rats everywhere in this house. How far is it from Calcutta to Darjeeling ? Is Kalimpong close to or far away from Darjeeling ? To pray is of course very excellent. x 33. Postpositions. What we call Prepositions, such as Of, To, In, On, By, With , From, About, Concerning , etc., and certain Prepositional phrases like By reason of, For the sake of, With respect to. According to. Instead of, etc., are rendered in Tibetan by Postpositions, some of which are simple, and others compound. The Simple Postpositions consist of the primitive ■ particles which are used in the formation of the Cases. {See § 25.) As regards the Nominative t'ase, no such particles are used. {See § 25, 1.) As regard.* the Vocative Case. (See § 25,11.) TIBETAN GRAMMAR. As regards the Accusative Case, no oartmln ; B . j ., _ * uo particle is neoessarv. but desired the Postposition QJ’ may be inserted. Kx. NP Ori , ^ _ f loves the girL p^-g*yj-aj-gsi^Hr§^0*^^q| | With this case the postpositions %*{ Q*’ and Ah f Up to, To, Till, are used. >* N.B.— The following verbs may be used either with the ba accusative or with that and the postposition 0|| ‘JflC-CT, a^ajTr To give , to deliver. ^*r, fpST, To teach. H '*^' er , *HV r To tell. To explain. ®T er , g^qWg-*r, To show. ^ To petition. To beg , To offer. To fear, To be afraid of. To strike against. To help , To aid. ^QvXfc-xj- t bring. As regards the Genitive Case # (see § 25, IV). Ex. the partioles are qj - q^- yj cv - | The sheep s head y Or the head of the sheep __ HFT*'*' The bull's horn, or the horn of the bull < 1 w ^‘5‘Sfi‘3FF?Fn A dialect of the Colloquial. ^*5 ®]C* | Price of bread. WjSfrer | The foolishness of pride. F c 5 rW***'W, The height of this house. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. IDS ^•0-5ip5J-Cr or ^msi-tjoi-g-igsw i Sjnc^gajsm-gsisi 1 T 55 W q ! *^•*^1 \ The voomarCs name. The danger of uncertainty. The wisdom of the East. The law of custom. The height of that house. The end of a chapter . The handle of an axe. The colour of a turquoise. As regards the Dative Case , the particle used is 01' (see § 25, V). Aa regards the Agentive Case, the particles used are ST, ^ gST, and C*jsr (see §25, VI). Ex.: — q 3 q r^iff q ' ar§ i’ a Q q ' 1 He loves the girl. The hawk killed the pigeon. The dragon is eating the moon • I have read that hook. Have you hurt your finger ¥ Bfa;OTW (or ®W) FfWISF His father taught hin " jq^q|?J-HW-ai?rTj-gN-?rc;* \ H M companion did the work. ywy5)Wf fFSnVfl 1 Weed * ^ Ch ° king ^ mm ' Discipline improve* all men. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 197 sie&w 04 * Jr wi^ 3 fc # 1 *TE\^^prorX*T]^rg^f3ifc' | <S'*r^rc^T^q^-?fc* or SbK sjIX^-q5j^-|fc I Joy Will SOtneitmeS hill pCOplt. Money mined him. This man helped him. The heat killed my horse. As regards the Locative Case the particles used Of \ | In, On, At, By t etc. are : ^54 Through. \ ~ V ^ f In, On, At, By, etc. VO J (See § 25, vii.) As regards the Periodal or Durational Case , the particles used are * and QJ At, In, During, etc. (See § 25, vjii.) As regards the Modal Case, the particles used are :_ By, Through, By nay of. Via. SC Against, With, e.g., with verbs of meeting, fighting, paying respect to, visiting t etc, ^ (Silent) With, Because, Since, etc. (Rather literary) By , Through , On account of, For, By reason ot, etc. 198 TIBETAN GRAMMAR (See § 25, ix.) As regards the Ablative Case, in the limited sense in which it is used in this Manual, the particles used are :— Tha n t Except, Save, But, But for, Besides , etc. <^r Unless. (See § 25, x.) As regards the Ttrminative Cast, which in this Manual includes certain aspects of what is usually called the Ablative Case, the particles used are :— ^ and signifying Direction towards, and ^ C ' and signifying Direction from . (See § 25, xi.) Of the Compound Postpositions, most are used with the Geni- tive Case. The following are a few of them :_ *V 3 P r 3*T3 *r 5 car war W or ^cq^dj* 1 j About , Concerning, Regarding, FFiYA re*/>ec* fo. °* behalf of, For the sake of. With the object of, tor the purpose of, J n order to, ^ ? '7V> CC ° U, if °t> ^ reason of. In consequence of Through , By, Because of. Above (on top of). Upon Above (Higher up). According to. As, Like. ^japOr Amidst, Among, In the middle of . TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 199 v. ism cqgm-ar si^-ar =T^C'ar f Behind, Back, Afterwards, Next. Before (place);’/™ front of. 5 C T v V5 <£sm‘ dp*djSJ* spar r Into the presence of. Instead of, In place of. From within. Inside, Within , In. Just by t At the side of. fused with Close to. "vSTOJ' During. or ^*flr , Oh the edge of. =^*OT j 1 n reply or answer to, In return for. q^cTj’oj* ^srar Below t Under f Beneath , After. jf^srar 1 -v— f Towards. ] 1 he following are used with the Accusative. I [■ With , i.e., Along with, Together with , I n company with 200 TIBET AN GRAMMAR. ^C-O^-er or Equal to. ■^cycr Near to. ^C^C-cf Far from. $13* Until, For (time), As far as, sr*je^l*r 1 I<3J'q* j > Save, Except. For (space). Examples. p 7 a)*p QJ’ q^* Ojaq-g’ 'O ^=rr Si'Sf iror q<3f 3*1^* flT^SfSf 1 % §}C* oi* q]c*T lr <V^1 T o c^^api’aro^ | p^^or q-^’qio; ^C'S'WCSrq* ""' ’VP ™S CV c ^ ' " / know all about that. Ask him all about his journey to Tibet . This is not according to reason. The people died in consequence of the famine. He behaved like a fool. The soldiers used to march after the Amban , There is not much snow on that hill. Do not iralk before me. They came into the presence of the Dalai Lama. Let me write in re ply to that letter. Your servant may go with the coolies. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 2u I 3^ ^° r Come with me as far as that house. vpi j o § 34. Conjunctions. 1- In Tibetan the use, aa in English, of Conjunctions like And and But is generally avoided, and the sentence is reconstructed, so as to begin with a subordinate participial clause, of which clauses there is often a long string before the principal verb is reached. Example :— pc-crsj- Sj*co;i^* cror or ] or or Here the sentence is turned into: That house not being mine, 1 cannot give it to you. Not being , the negative form of the participle present of the verb To be , is rendered "4*®l The affirmative form Being, would be or i 2.